Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man (Modern Nutrition (Boca Raton, Fla.).)

There is increasing evidence that even minute amounts of trace elements can have profound effects on the human body. Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man describes new methods that are being developed to understand normal and abnormal trace element nutrition and metabolism. This book includes a wealth of practical advice, encompassing all aspects of isotope methodology, such as the latest developments of analysis techniques for both stable and radioactive isotopes, issues in study design, current cost of isotopes, and analysis. It provides both a historical review of what has been done in the past and details of current techniques and applications. > This state-of-the-art collection from leading experts in the field from Europe and the United States makes a strong case for the practice and advancement of this critical health care tool. Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man......Page 4 Preface......Page 7 Editors......Page 8 Contributors......Page 9 Contents......Page 11 1.1 History......Page 18 1.1.2 Use of Mass Spectrometry for Mineral Stable-isotope Research......Page 19 1.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 20 1.2.2 Stable-isotope Elements Available for Research......Page 21 1.2.3 Instrumentation for Mineral Stable-isotope Research......Page 25 1.2.3.3 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS)......Page 26 1.2.3.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)......Page 27 1.2.3.5 Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS)......Page 28 1.3 Stable-isotope Dosage, Preparation, and Administration......Page 29 1.4.1 Zinc......Page 31 1.4.2 Iron......Page 34 1.5 Appendix — Stable-isotope Suppliers......Page 35 References......Page 36 2.1 Introduction......Page 40 2.2 Radioisotopes......Page 41 2.3.1 Whole-body Counting......Page 45 2.3.2.1 Metabolism and Biological Turnover Rate......Page 46 2.3.2.2 Absorption Studies......Page 47 2.3.3 Equipment and Technological Development......Page 48 2.4 Body Imaging Techniques......Page 51 2.5.1 Tissue Retention......Page 52 2.5.2 Urinary Excretion......Page 53 2.5.4 Equipment and Technological Development......Page 55 References......Page 56 3.1 Introduction......Page 59 3.2 Single-pool Tracer Kinetics and Measurement......Page 60 3.3 Tracer-to-tracee Ratio from Mass Spectrometry Measurements......Page 63 3.4 Multi-pool Tracer Kinetics and Measurement......Page 66 3.5 The Multiple Tracer Case......Page 68 3.7 Software Tool: TTRM......Page 70 References......Page 72 CONTENTS......Page 74 4.1.2 Methods......Page 75 4.1.3 Definition of Absorption......Page 76 4.2.2 Normalization of Iron Absorption Data......Page 77 4.2.3 Hemoglobin Incorporation......Page 78 4.2.5 Fecal Monitoring......Page 79 4.2.7 In vitro (Caco-2 Cells)......Page 80 4.3.2 Fecal Monitoring......Page 81 4.3.4 Whole-body Counting......Page 82 4.4.2 Whole-body Counting......Page 83 4.4.3 Fecal Monitoring......Page 84 4.4.5 Plasma Appearance/Disappearance......Page 85 4.4.7 Whole-gut Lavage Technique......Page 86 4.5.1 Introduction......Page 87 4.5.3 Plasma Appearance/Disappearance......Page 89 4.5.5 Urinary Monitoring......Page 90 References......Page 91 5.1 Introduction......Page 96 5.2.2 Sampling Strategy......Page 97 5.3 Compartmental Modelling......Page 98 5.3.1 General Assumptions......Page 99 5.4.1 Zinc......Page 100 5.4.2 Copper......Page 101 5.4.3 Selenium......Page 103 5.5 Conclusion......Page 104 References......Page 105 6.1 Introduction......Page 107 6.2 Iron Metabolism in Relation to the Design of Stable-isotope Protocols......Page 108 6.3 Feasibility Issues......Page 109 6.4.1 Neutron Activation Analysis......Page 113 6.4.2 Mass Spectrometry......Page 114 6.4.3 Summary of Current Analytical Capabilities......Page 115 6.5.1 Relationship between Mucosal Absorption and Hemoglobin Incorporation of Dietary Iron......Page 116 6.5.2 Issues of Dietary Availability of Iron......Page 117 6.6 Conclusion......Page 118 References......Page 119 7.1 Introduction......Page 122 7.2 Isotopic Techniques......Page 124 7.2.1 Short-term Two-compartment Model......Page 125 7.3 Conclusion......Page 126 References......Page 127 8.1 Introduction......Page 129 8.3 Copper Status......Page 130 8.4.1 Radioactive Tracers......Page 131 8.4.2.1.2 Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry......Page 132 8.4.2.2 Multiple Stable-isotope Labelling......Page 133 8.4.2.3 Studies Using Isotopic Tracers of Copper......Page 134 References......Page 135 CONTENTS......Page 140 9.2.1 Sources and Daily Intakes......Page 141 9.2.2 Chemical Form and Bioavailability......Page 142 9.2.3 Metabolism of Selenium......Page 143 9.3.1.1 Selenium Deficiency and Disease......Page 144 9.3.2 Selenoproteins......Page 145 9.3.2.1.2 Phospholipid Hydroperoxide GSHpx......Page 146 9.3.2.4 Thioredoxin Reductase (EC 1.6.4.5.)......Page 147 9.4.1 Status Assays......Page 148 9.4.2.1 Assays for GSHpx Activity......Page 149 9.4.2.2 Measurement of Selenium Isotopes......Page 150 9.4.3 Modelling of Selenium Body Pools......Page 151 9.4.4 Stable-isotope Studies with Low-to-medium Selenium Intakes......Page 154 9.4.5 Stable-isotope Studies with High Selenium Intakes......Page 155 9.5 Conclusion......Page 156 References......Page 157 CONTENTS......Page 162 10.1.2 Manganese Biochemistry......Page 163 10.1.3.1 Studies with Laboratory Animals and Cultured Cells......Page 164 10.1.3.2 Distribution and Retention of Radioactive Manganese in Humans......Page 165 10.1.3.3 Radioactive Methods for Determining Apparent Manganese Absorption in Humans......Page 166 10.1.3.4 Radioactive Methods for Determining True Manganese Absorption......Page 167 10.1.3.5 The Use of Radioisotopes to Study Manganese/Iron Interactions......Page 169 10.2.1 Introduction......Page 170 10.2.3.1 Nutritional Studies with 51Cr......Page 171 10.3.2 Radioactive Isotopes of Molybdenum in Human Studies......Page 172 10.4 Summary......Page 173 References......Page 174 11.1 Introduction......Page 178 11.2.1 Methodology......Page 181 11.2.2.1 Studies in Premature Infants......Page 184 11.2.2.2.1 Human Milk and Infant Formula......Page 185 11.2.2.2.2 Complementary Foods......Page 187 11.2.2.3 Studies in Pregnant Women......Page 188 11.3 Zinc......Page 189 11.4 Zinc and Copper......Page 191 11.5 Selenium......Page 192 11.6 Chromium......Page 193 References......Page 194 12.1 Introduction......Page 198 12.3 Ethical Considerations......Page 199 12.4.2 Copper Homeostasis in the Elderly......Page 200 Acknowledgments......Page 201 References......Page 202 CONTENTS......Page 203 13.1 Introduction......Page 204 13.2.1 Supplementation......Page 205 13.2.2 Fortification......Page 207 13.2.3 Dietary Strategies......Page 208 13.3.1 Securing Support within the Country at the National and Community Level......Page 209 13.3.2 Selecting the Study Design......Page 210 13.3.3 Assessing the Nutritional and Health Status of the Study Participants......Page 211 13.3.4.1 Assessing Food Intakes......Page 213 13.3.4.3 Assessing Intakes of Trace Elements and Absorption Modifiers in Habitual Diets......Page 214 13.3.4.4 Assessing Nutrient Intakes during the Metabolic Study......Page 215 13.4 Technical Aspects of Implementing Isotope Studies in Developing Countries......Page 216 13.4.1.1 Fecal Monitoring......Page 217 13.4.1.2 Urinary Monitoring......Page 218 13.4.1.4 Plasma Tolerance Curves and Plasma Deconvolution......Page 219 13.4.2.1 Fecal Samples......Page 220 13.4.2.3 Blood Samples......Page 221 References......Page 222 Ch. 1. Advances In Stable-isotope Methodology / Leslie R. Woodhouse And Steven A. Abrams -- Ch. 2. Advances In Radioisotope Methodology / Marianne Hansen, Mats Isaksson And Brittmaire Sandstrom -- Ch. 3. Tracer-to-tracee Ratio For Compartmental Modelling Of Stable-isotope Tracer Data / Gianna Toffolo, David M. Shames And Alessandro Stevanato / [and Others] -- Ch. 4. Methods For Analysis Of Trace-element Absorption / S.j. Fairweather-tait, T.e. Fox And L.j. Harvey / [et Al.] -- Ch. 5. Kinetic Studies Of Whole-body Trace-element Metabolism / Nicola M. Lowe And Malcolm J. Jackson -- Ch. 6. Stable-isotope Methods For The Investigation Of Iron Metabolism In Man / Morteza Janghorbani. Edited By Nicola Lowe And Malcolm Jackson. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Describes fresh methods to understand normal and abnormal trace element nutrition and metabolism. This work includes practical advice, encompassing the various aspects of isotope methodology, such as the developments of analysis techniques for both stable and radioactive isotopes, issues in study design, cost of isotopes, and analysis. Due to the rapid advances in mass spectrometry techniques over the last 20 years, a steady growth in the application of stable isotope use to study human mineral and trace-element metabolism has occurred.