Advances in Information Technology in Civil and Building Engineering: Proceedings of ICCCBE 2022 - Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 357)

This book gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of information technology in civil and building engineering, presented at the 19th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (ICCCBE), held in Cape Town, South Africa on October 26-28, 2022. It covers highly diverse topics such as BIM, construction information modeling, knowledge management, GIS, GPS, laser scanning, sensors, monitoring, VR/AR, computer-aided construction, product and process modeling, big data and IoT, cooperative design, mobile computing, simulation, structural health monitoring, computer-aided structural control and analysis, ICT in geotechnical engineering, computational mechanics, asset management, maintenance, urban planning, facility management, and smart cities. Written by leading researchers and engineers, and selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, the contributions highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations. Preface Contents Asset and Facility Management, Operation, and Maintenance UAV Image-Based Defect Detection for Ancient Bridge Maintenance 1 Introduction 2 UAV-Based Ancient Bridge Inspection 2.1 Background of UAV-Based Inspection 2.2 Significance of UAV-Based Inspection for Ancient Bridges 2.3 Crack Segmentation 2.4 Evaluation Metrics 2.5 3D Modelling of Ancient Bridges 2.6 Ancient Bridge Maintenance 3 Experiment 3.1 Site Condition 3.2 Implementation of RTK 3.3 Dataset and Operational System 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Leveraging AI and IoT for Improved Management of Educational Buildings 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Indoor Air Quality in Learning Environments 2.2 Importance of Building Occupancy 2.3 Artificial Intelligence 2.4 Computer Vision and Construction 3 Research Methodology 4 The Results 4.1 Indoor Air Quality Results 4.2 Computer Vision Results 4.3 Summary of the Results 5 Discussion 5.1 Carbon Dioxide Levels from Exam Session 6 (Natural Ventilation) 6 Conclusions 7 Recommendations References Factors Affecting Maintenance Management of Public Buildings in South Africa 1 Introduction 2 Factors Affecting Maintenance Management of Public Buildings in South Africa 2.1 Lack of Preventive Maintenance 2.2 Insufficient Funds Allocated for Building Maintenance 2.3 Lack of a Building Maintenance Standard 2.4 Lack of Spare Parts and Components 2.5 Lack of Response to Maintenance Requests 2.6 Lack of a Maintenance Culture 2.7 Skilled Maintenance Personnel 3 Conclusion References Technological Innovation for Improving Energy and Water Consumption Efficiency and Sustainability on Government Buildings in South Africa: A Comprehensive Review of Literature 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Discussion 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions and Recommendations References Big Data, Sensing, and Machine Learning Lumped Approach to Recognize Types of Construction Defect from Text with Hand-Drawn Circles 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review on Optical Character Recognition 3 Research Method 3.1 Typical OCR Approach 3.2 Lumped Approach 4 Experiments 4.1 Datasets 4.2 Model Evaluation Details 5 Results and Analysis 6 Conclusions References Requirements of Machine Learning and Semantic Enrichment for BIM-Based Automated Code Compliance Checking: A Focus Group Study 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Focus Group Study on Requirements of BIM-Based ACCS 5 Conclusion References An Alternative Approach to Automated Code Checking – Application of Graph Neural Networks Trained on Synthetic Data for an Accessibility Check Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Application of Graph Neural Networks to Building Information 2.2 The Use of Synthetic Data for Machine Learning 3 Research Aims and Method 4 GNN for ACC – Test Case 4.1 Train, Validate and Test – Synthetic Data 4.2 Check Compliance – Real Design Data 5 Results 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions References Segmentation Tool for Images of Cracks 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Crack Path Tracking 2.2 Crack Width Detection 3 Results 3.1 Tracking Performance 3.2 Segmentation on the AigleRN Dataset 3.3 Segmentation on Steel Structures Images 4 Conclusion References Generating Pseudo Label of Object Detector for Construction Site Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Pseudo Label Generation with Moving Features 2.1 Moving Object Detection 2.2 Pseudo Label Generation 3 Experiment and Result 3.1 Experimental Settings 3.2 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Instance Segmentation of Fire Safety Equipment Using Mask R-CNN 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Technical Background 3.2 Network Architecture 3.3 FSE Datasets 3.4 Training Setting 3.5 Training Modifications 3.6 Evaluation 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Blockchain Technology as a Monitoring Tool for Sensor Data 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Overview 3 Research Background 3.1 Blockchain Respectively Distributed Ledger Technology 3.2 Blockchain Technology in the AEC Sector 4 Data Verification and Consensus 4.1 Verification Process 4.2 Consensus of the Verification Process 5 Implementation and Simulation 5.1 The Verification Process 5.2 The Blockchain Network 6 Conclusion References Worker Activity Classification Using Multimodal Data Fusion from Wearable Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Data Analysis 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Comparing Object Detection Models for Water Trash Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Water Trash Monitoring 2.2 Object Detection 3 Methodology 3.1 Object Detection Model 3.2 The Foresys Marine Debris Dataset 3.3 Transfer Learning 4 Experiments and Results 4.1 Experimental Settings 4.2 Evaluation Metrics 4.3 Experimental Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Extracting Information from Old and Scanned Engineering Drawings of Existing Buildings for the Creation of Digital Building Models 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Context-Aware PPE Compliance Check in Far-Field Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Recognition Models 2.2 PPE Assignment 2.3 Connectivity Analysis 2.4 Working Context Estimation 2.5 Safety Analysis 3 Experiments 4 Conclusion References Challenges in Road Crack Segmentation Due to Coarse Annotation 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Experiment 3.1 Experimental Settings 3.2 Experimental Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Comparison of Various Methodologies to Detect Anomalies in a Time Series Data Taken from a Tunnelling Project 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Data 3.1 Data Summary and Preprocessing 3.2 Relevant Data Selection and Data Transformation 4 Methodology 4.1 Isolation Forest 4.2 kMeans and kMeans STSC 4.3 ARIMA 4.4 CNN Autoencoder 5 Results 6 Conclusion and Remarks References Towards Multicriterial Scan Planning in Complex 3D Environments 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Method 3.1 Viewpoint Candidate and Scene Preparation 3.2 Viewpoint Assessment 3.3 Viewpoint Selection and Path Planning 4 Experiment 4.1 Setup 4.2 Results 5 Discussion and Outlook References Image Segmentation on Concrete Damage for Augmented Reality Supported Inspection Tasks 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 ML-based Damage Segmentation 3.2 HoloLens 2 Deployment 3.3 Outdoor Experiments and Results 4 Conclusion References Modelling Sustainable Transportation Systems by Applying Supervised Machine Learning Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 4 Model 5 Findings and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Machine Learning Algorithm Application in the Construction Industry – A Review 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Discussion of Findings 3.1 Process Optimisation and Prediction 3.2 Data Handling and Deep Learning for Intelligent Systems 3.3 Accident Prediction 3.4 Feature Engineering 4 Conclusion References Identifying Risky Zones in Water Distribution Networks Using Node Burst Indices 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Calculation of Burst Indices 2.2 Risk Calculation 2.3 Node Categorisation 3 Case Study 4 Limitations 5 Conclusion Annex A References Structural Engineering and Materials Modelling Structural Performance of Metal Sheeting versus Tiled Roofs under Extreme Winds 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 Loadings 3.2 Experimental Results 4 Conclusions and Recommendations References Experimental Testing and Numerical Modelling of Heat Transfer Through a Composite Sandwich Flooring System with Penetrations Exposed to Fire 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Modelling 4 Comparison of Results 5 Conclusion References Built Environment Monitoring, Control, Analysis and Design Residential Envelope Energy Efficient Design Exploration Preparing for Generative Design 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Fundamentals of Genetic Algorithms 2.2 Generative Design and Automation Procedures for Energy Analysis 3 Methodology 3.1 Floor 3.2 Walls 3.3 Windows and Entry Door 3.4 Roof 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions and Future Research References Drivers of Machine Learning Applications in the Construction Industry of Developing Economies 1 Introduction 2 Literature 3 Methodology 4 Findings 4.1 Background Information of Respondents 4.2 Drivers of the Adoption of Machine Learning Applications 5 Discussion of Findings 6 Conclusion and Recommendations References An Ontology-Based Framework for Building Energy Simulation in the Operation Phase 1 Introduction 1.1 Building Energy Prediction 1.2 Semantic Web Technologies for Building Energy Management 1.3 Objectives 2 Proposed Framework 2.1 Ontology Model of Weather 2.2 Ontology Model of Building 2.3 Ontology Model of Internal Heat Gain 2.4 Ontology Model of HVAC System 2.5 Inference Rule of Thermal Zoning 3 Illustrative Example 4 Conclusion References A Multi-stage Approach to Understand GIS Model Enrichment Used for Decision-Making Support When Developing Energy Retrofit Strategies on a Neighborhood Level 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 The Role of Data for Energy Simulations 2.2 Energy Simulations on Neighborhood Level 3 Methodology 4 Neighborhood Model States (NMS) 4.1 Data Acquisition and Enrichment for Energy Simulation on Neighborhood Level 4.2 Neighborhood Model States for Energy Simulations 4.3 Challenges of Data Acquisition on the Example of UBC Buildings 5 Discussion References Feasibility of an Automated Inspection Process Adoption for Quality Housing Delivery in South Africa 1 Introduction 1.1 This Study 2 Method 2.1 Study Design 2.2 Sampling and Recruitment 2.3 Data Collection 2.4 Data Analysis 2.5 Ethical Approval 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Overview of Interviewees 3.2 Feasibility of Adopting an Automated Inspection Process 4 Conclusion References Information Modeling and Digital Twin Technology (BIM, BrIM, CIM, GIS) Building Information Modelling in Healthcare Design and Construction: A Bibliometric Review and Systematic Review 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Country Analysis 3.2 Journal Co-citation Analysis 3.3 Keyword Clustering Analysis 3.4 Classification of Application Domains 3.5 BIM Actions for HDC 3.6 Other Digital Technologies Working with BIM 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Digital Twin Technology as a Paradigm for Smart Management in the Built Environment 1 Background to the Study 2 Methodical Structure of the Study 3 Digitalisation and Digital Twin 4 The Leap: From BIM to Digital Twin 5 Facility Management and Digital Twin 6 Previous Use of Digital Twin for Facility Management 7 Digital Twin-Based Smart Management Plan 8 Strategic Process for the Smart Management Plan 9 Conclusion References Ontology-Based Construction Process Library for Process States Inference 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Construction Inferencing Rule Ontology 4 The CPL Framework 5 Example 6 Discussion and Limitation 7 Conclusion References A Critical Review of Measuring the Modeling Productivity of Building Information Modeling 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review Method 2.1 Data Identification 2.2 Data Screening, Eligibility, and Inclusion 3 Analysis Results 3.1 Productivity Indicators Used for BIM Productivity Measurement 4 Productivity Factors Affecting BIM Productivity Indicator 5 Conclusion References Digital Twinning in Additive Manufacturing - Closing the Digital-Physical-Digital Loop by Automated Integration of Captured Geometric Data into Fabrication Information Models 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Shotcrete 3D Printing (SC3DP) 2.2 Fabrication Information Modeling 2.3 Digital Twinning in Construction and Cyber Physical Systems 2.4 Quality Control for Additive Manufacturing 3 Methodology 4 Experimental Application 4.1 Scenario 1: Simple Straight Concrete Wall 4.2 Scenario 2: Double Curved Reinforced Concrete Wall 4.3 Scenario 3: Key and Lock Joint Features 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Development of Knowledge Information Model for Highway Route Design 1 Introduction 2 Modeling Infrastructure Information structure 3 An Information-Connector Model for Compiling Knowledge and Wisdom 4 A Method of Compiling Information for Continuity of Knowledge 4.1 Preliminary Experiments in Knowledge Acquisition 4.2 Development of Design Structure Schema for Highway Route Design 4.3 A Method of Compiling Information for Knowledge Continuity 5 Conclusions References The IFC-Tunnel Project – Extending the IFC Standard to Enable High-Quality Exchange of Tunnel Information Models 1 Introduction 2 The IFC-Tunnel Extension Project 2.1 The Organizational Structure 2.2 The Development Process 3 Requirements Analysis 3.1 Tunnel Types Covered 3.2 Use Cases Covered 3.3 Process Map 3.4 Georeferencing 3.5 Alignment 3.6 Geometry 3.7 Geology and Geotechnics 4 Taxonomy Analysis 5 Conceptual Model Development 5.1 Spatial Element Extensions 5.2 Spatial Zone Extensions 5.3 Systems Extensions 5.4 Built Element Extensions 5.5 Geology and Geotechnics 5.6 Earthworks and Excavations 5.7 Extended Georeferencing 5.8 New Voxel Representation 6 IFC Schema Extension (draft) 7 Validation and Deployment 8 IFC Schema Extension (final) 9 Handling of Properties 10 Model View Definitions 11 Next Steps 12 Discussion 13 Conclusion References Finding Geometric and Topological Similarities in Building Elements for Large-Scale Pose Updates in Scan-vs-BIM 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Updating the as-planned 2.2 Spatial Relationships and Dependencies 2.3 Similarity-Based Object Queries 2.4 Contribution 3 Method 3.1 Graph Formulation for as-Designed and as Built 3.2 Topological Enrichment of both Graphs with GCNs 3.3 Similarity Computation 4 Experiments 4.1 Importance of Topology 4.2 Sub-element Clusters 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Multimodel Framework for Digital Twin Empowerment 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Web Technologies for Digital Twin 3 Approach 3.1 Multimodel Concept 3.2 Multimodel Based Approach 4 Approach Verification 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Achieving Macro-Level Bim Adoption in the South African Construction Industry: Key Stakeholders and Constraints 1 Introduction 2 Stakeholders’ Role in Innovation Diffusion 3 Method 4 Results and Findings 5 Conclusion Appendix References Ontology-Based Computerized Representation Method for BIM Model Quality Standards 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Analysis of the Chinese Standard 4.1 Concepts in the Chinese Standard 4.2 Relationships in the Chinese Standard 4.3 Rules in the Chinese Standard 5 Representation of Concepts and Relationships by Using OWL 5.1 Representation for Concepts by Using OWL Classes 5.2 Representation for Relationships by Using OWL Properties 6 Representation of Rules by Using SWRL 7 Conclusion References An Approach for Fire and Smoke Compartmentation Using the IFC-Structure 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Fire and Smoke Compartmentation 2.2 Spatial Arrangement 3 Modelling Fire and Smoke Compartments in BIM 3.1 Data Elements of Fire and Smoke Compartments 3.2 Mapping the Data Elements Onto the IFC Standard 4 Use-Case 4.1 Benefits 4.2 Challenges 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Digital Twin Construction Towards a Digital Twin System Design Based on a User-Centered Approach to Improve Quality Control on Construction Sites 1 Introduction 1.1 Defects Problems in the Construction Industry and Needs of Quality Control Digital System 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Structure of the Paper 2 A User-Centric Approach to Define the Uses of Digital Technology on the Construction Site Applied to Quality Analysis 2.1 Total Quality Management (TQM) 2.2 Using Design Science Research to Better Control Quality Defects 2.3 End User Approach Used in Our Research 3 Methodology to Define a System Design for Control Quality 3.1 Quality Defects and Technical Specifications 3.2 Technical Requirements to Support Quality Control Process on Construction Site 4 Digital Processes for an Automation of Quality Analysis on Construction Sites 4.1 State of the Art 4.2 Technological Bricks and Processes 5 Conclusions References Digital Twin-Based Automated Green Building Assessment Framework 1 Introduction 2 BIM Configurations for GBA 3 Scan-To-BIM 4 IoT 5 DT 6 BEAM Plus 7 Proposed DT-Based Automated GBA Framework 7.1 As-Is BIM Model Creation 7.2 Dynamic Building Data Collection 7.3 DT Model Creation 7.4 BEAM Plus EB Assessment Using DT 8 Conclusions and Recommendations References Automatically Quantifying Movement of Prefabricated Building Components on Site for a Location-Based Management System: An Ecosystem for Digital Twin Construction 1 Introduction 2 Digital Twinning Construction Sites 3 Framework for Digital Twin Construction 3.1 Smart Building Components and IoT Systems 4 Experiments and Results 4.1 IoT Devices 4.2 Configuration of the IoT System 4.3 Installation of the Monitoring System 5 Conclusions References Automatic Parametric Generation of Simulation Models from Project Information in Digital Twin Construction 1 Introduction 2 Predicting System Behaviour in Digital Twin Construction 2.1 Digital Twin Graph Repository 2.2 Agent-Based Simulation 2.3 Historical Project Database 3 BIM2TWIN Parametric Construction Simulation System 3.1 Parameterizing the Construction System: Agents and Agent Behaviours 3.2 Model Generation Algorithm 4 PCSS Prototype Implementation 5 System Testing 6 Conclusion and Future Directions References AEC Digital Twin Data - Why Structure Matters 1 Introduction 2 The BIM2TWIN Project 3 Data – Information – Knowledge 4 Data Structures and Information Modeling – A Brief History 5 Information Modeling for AEC Digital Twins 5.1 Requirements of Digital Twin Data Management 5.2 Monolithic Models: Industry Foundation Classes 5.3 Linked Data Approach 5.4 Flat Data Approaches for Digital Twins 6 The BIM2TWIN Data Model 6.1 Key Model Characteristics 6.2 BIM2TWIN Core Ontology 6.3 BIM2TWIN Platform 7 Conclusion References Industry 4.0-Based Digital Twin Approach for Construction Site Tracking Purposes 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 2.1 Digital Twin 2.2 Industry 4.0 and the Asset Administration Shell 2.3 Computer Vision Technologies on Construction Sites 3 Concept 3.1 Construction Site as Cyber-Physical System 3.2 Camera System 3.3 Camera System as I4.0-Component 4 Case Study 4.1 Asset Administration Shell for a Camera Component 4.2 Asset Administration Shell of the Camera System 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Requirements Management for Flow Production of Precast Concrete Modules 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Industry 4.0, Digital Twin, and the Asset Administration Shell 2.2 Requirements Management in Construction 2.3 Requirements Interchange Format - ReqIF 3 Concept 3.1 ReqIF Template for Requirements of Precast Concrete Modules 3.2 Submodel Requirements 4 Case Study 4.1 Integration of Requirements into AAS 4.2 Compliance Checking of Requirements 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Embedding RFID Tags into Precast Structural Components for Tracking and Holistic Real-Time Lean Construction Management 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Research 1.2 Motivation 1.3 State of the Art 2 Methodology 2.1 Concept 2.2 Implementation 3 Precast Component Tracking on Construction Sites 4 Conclusion References Author Index