Advances in Hydrogen Sulfide Biology (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1315)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important gas signalling molecule in a series of organs/tissues, on the diseases of which it plays protective roles, such as proangiogenic effects in ischemic tissues, antiapoptotic effects in the cardiomyocytes, regularization of fatal arrhythmia in myocardial infarction, amelioration of inflammation in autoimmune diseases, modification of neuronal transmission, increase in sodium excretion from the kidney, and amelioration of insulin resistance, etc. This book focuses on the effect of hydrogen sulfide in cardiovascular system, immune system, nervous system, kidney, as well as on the metabolism of glucose and lipids and regulation of ion channels and so on. This book also provides the advances in the understanding of endogenous H2S metabolism and H2S protein targets, as well as H2S donors. It will benefit researchers in both academics and industry working on the underlying mechanism of H2S field and the future of translational medicine of H2S. Preface Contents A Common Molecular Switch for H2S to Regulate Multiple Protein Targets 1 Introduction 2 Sulfhydration 2.1 H2S Increases the Sulfhydration Level of Proteins 2.2 The Methods for Analyzing Sulfhydration 2.2.1 Modified Biotin Switch Assay (Fig. 1a) 2.2.2 Maleimide Assay 2.2.3 Tag-Switch Method 2.2.4 Mass Spectrometry Analysis 2.2.5 Dimedone Switch Method (Fig. 1b) 2.3 Existing Problems in S-Sulfhydration Theory for Hydrogen Sulfide 2.3.1 Why the Sulfhydration of Free Thiols in Cysteine Residues by H2S Has Not Been Found in a Cell-Free Reaction System? 2.3.2 Why the S-Sulfhydration of Free Thiols in Cysteine Residues Cannot Happen in All the Cysteine Residues in Protein? 3 Molecular Switch of Disulfide Bond 3.1 The Molecular Switch of a Disulfide Bond in Target Proteins of H2S (Fig. 2) 3.1.1 Target Protein of H2S: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 3.1.2 Target Protein of H2S: Ion Channels 3.1.3 Common Points of the Mechanism in Targeting ``Receptors ́ ́ by H2S 3.1.4 The Comparison Between H2S and Other Reducing Species in Cells 3.1.5 H2S Donors (Fig. 4) 3.2 The Methods for Analyzing Disulfide Bonds in Proteins 3.2.1 Mass Spectrometry [34] 3.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy [34] 3.2.3 Fluorescence Labeling of Reactive Cys Thiols [36, 92] 3.3 Existing Problems in the Molecular Switch Theory for H2S 4 Which Theory Is the Truth, or Which Mechanism Is More Important? 4.1 The Specificity of S-Sulfhydration Measurement 4.2 Persulfides Might Be Intermediates in the Process of Breaking Up Disulfide Bonds by H2S 4.3 It Is Probably H2Sn, Not Reducing the Form of H2S, Producing Persulfides by Adding a Sulfur Atom to Free Thiol Directly (F... 5 Future Directions 5.1 Using or Finding Out More Accurate and Specific Methods When Testing Persulfides 5.2 Observing the Structure of Target Proteins and the Modification of the Proteins Directly References Hydrogen Sulfide and the Kidney 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of H2S in the Kidney 2.1 H2S in Renal Physiology 2.2 Gasotransmitters in Oxygen Sensing 3 H2S in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) 3.1 AKI Due to Intrinsic Damage to Renal Parenchyma 3.2 AKI Due to Post-Renal Causes 3.3 Role of H2S in AKI: A Counterpoint 4 Chronic Kidney Injury (CKD) 4.1 Anemia in CKD 4.2 Kidney Injury in Chronic Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) 4.3 Obesity and Kidney Injury 4.4 Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) 5 Hypertension 5.1 Preeclampsia 6 Renal Cell Carcinoma 7 Aging Kidney 8 Conclusion and Future Directions References The Role of H2S in the Metabolism of Glucose and Lipids 1 Introduction 2 H2S and Glucose Metabolism 3 H2S and Insulin Secretion 4 H2S-Mediated Glucose Metabolism in the Livers 5 H2S-Mediated Glucose Metabolism in the Adipose Tissue 6 H2S-Mediated Glucose Metabolism in the Skeletal Muscle 7 H2S-Mediated Glucose Metabolism in the Gastrointestinal Tract 8 H2S and Lipid Metabolism 9 H2S-Mediated Lipid Metabolism in the Adipose Tissue 10 H2S-Mediated Lipid Metabolism in the Livers 11 Conclusions and Further Directions References The Role of H2S in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Microbiota 1 Introduction 2 H2S Production and Mechanisms in the Gastrointestinal Tract 2.1 H2S Produced by Gastrointestinal Tissues 2.2 Gastrointestinal Microorganisms-Derived H2S 3 Physiological Effects of H2S on the Gastrointestinal Tract 3.1 H2S Regulation Over Gastrointestinal Motility 3.1.1 H2S Regulatory Targets for Gastrointestinal Motility 3.1.2 Regulatory Mechanism of H2S on Gastrointestinal Motility 3.2 Regulation of H2S Over Gastrointestinal Sensation 3.3 Effects of H2S on Gastrointestinal Secretion and Absorption 3.4 Regulation of H2S on Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells 3.5 H2S Regulation Over Gastrointestinal Stem Cells 4 Interaction Among H2S, Gastrointestinal Microorganisms, and the Host 4.1 Effect of H2S on Gastrointestinal Microorganisms 4.2 Effects of H2S on the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Host 4.3 Effects of Microorganisms on the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Host 4.4 Effects of Host Gastrointestinal Epithelium and Diet on H2S and Intestinal Microorganisms 4.5 Gastrointestinal Diseases Related to H2S and H2S-Producing Gastrointestinal Microorganism 4.5.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) 4.5.2 Colorectal Cancer (CRC) 4.5.3 Functional Gastrointestinal Disease (FGID) References Hydrogen Sulfide and the Immune System 1 Introduction 2 H2S and Inflammation 2.1 H2S and Inflammatory Signalling; Impacts on NF-kB Systems 2.2 Role of H2S in Inflammatory Conditions 2.3 H2S and Tissue Injury 2.4 H2S and Joint Disease 2.5 H2S and Sepsis 2.6 H2S and the Respiratory Tract; Overview of H2S, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Asthma 2.7 H2S and the Cardiovascular System 3 Alternate Mechanisms of Action Linked to the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of H2S 3.1 Alternate Signalling Pathways and Epigenetic Mechanisms 3.2 H2S and the Inflammasome 3.3 Antioxidant Properties of H2S 3.4 H2S and Nrf-2 4 Conclusions References Hydrogen Sulfide and its Interaction with Other Players in Inflammation 1 Introduction 2 H2S in Inflammatory Diseases 2.1 Sepsis 2.2 Acute Pancreatitis 2.3 Lung Inflammation 2.4 Joint Inflammation 2.5 Cardiovascular Inflammation 2.6 Hemorrhagic Shock 2.7 Intestinal Inflammation 2.8 Burn Injuries 2.9 Neuroinflammation 3 H2S in Vasodilation 4 H2S and Reactive Oxidant Species (ROS) 5 The Role of Adhesion Molecules and Leukocyte Infiltration 6 H2S and Neurogenic Inflammation 7 H2S, NO, and CO. 7.1 Biosynthesis 8 Interrelationship between H2S with NO and CO in Inflammation 9 Is H2S Biphasic in Nature? 10 Conclusion References Hydrogen Sulfide: a Novel Immunoinflammatory Regulator in Rheumatoid Arthritis 1 Introduction 2 Hydrogen Sulfide 2.1 Physicochemical Properties of H2S 2.2 Endogenous Synthesis of H2S 3 H2S and Rheumatoid Arthritis 3.1 Pathogenesis of RA 3.1.1 Immune-Related Cellular Disorders 3.1.2 Key Signaling Pathways 3.2 Anti-RA Effect of H2S 3.3 H2S-Donors as Potential Anti-RA Drugs 3.3.1 ATB-346 3.3.2 GYY4137 3.3.3 Diallyl Sulfide (DAS), Diallyl Disulfide (DADS), and Diallyl Trisulfide (DATS) 3.3.4 S-Propargyl-Cysteine (SPRC) 4 Conclusions and Perspectives References The Cardiovascular Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide: The Epigenetic Mechanisms 1 Introduction 2 Endogenous Synthesis of H2S and Exogenous H2S Donor 2.1 Endogenous Synthesis of H2S 2.2 Exogenous H2S Donor 3 Cardiovascular Effects of H2S 3.1 Anti-Inflammation 3.2 Anti-Oxidant Stress 3.3 Regulates Vascular Aging 3.4 Regulate Autophagy 3.5 Modulate Vascular Remolding 3.5.1 Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis 3.5.2 Improve Vascular Endothelial Function 3.5.3 Suppresses Extracellular Matrix Collagen Accumulation 3.6 Regulate Blood Pressure 3.7 Regulate Angiogenesis 4 H2S and Cardiovascular Disease 4.1 Cardiovascular Diseases Protection 4.2 H2S and Hypertension 4.3 H2S and Atherosclerosis 4.4 H2S and Myocardial Ischemia and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 4.5 H2S and Heart Failure 5 Epigenetic Mechanism of the Cardiovascular Effects of H2S 5.1 DNA Methylation 5.2 Histone Modification 5.3 Effects Mediated Via miRNAs 5.4 H2S and the Transcription Factors 6 Conclusions References Interaction among Hydrogen Sulfide and Other Gasotransmitters in Mammalian Physiology and Pathophysiology 1 Introduction 2 Production and Metabolism of H2S 3 Production and Metabolism of NO 4 Production and Metabolism of CO 5 Production and Metabolism of SO2 6 Interaction of H2S with NO 6.1 Chemical Interaction between H2S and NO to Form Hybrid Molecules 6.2 Regulation of NOS by H2S 6.3 Regulation of H2S Synthetases by NO 6.4 Competition of H2S and NO in Protein Post-Translational Modification 6.5 Effect of H2S-NO Interaction on Angiogenesis 6.6 Effect of H2S-NO Interaction on Vascular Tension 6.7 Effect of H2S-NO Interaction on Heart Contractility 6.8 Effect of H2S-NO Interaction on Oxidative Stress 6.9 Effect of H2S-NO Interaction on Cardioprotection 6.10 Effect of H2S-NO Interaction on Hypertension 6.11 Effect of H2S-NO Interaction on Pulmonary Hypertension 6.12 Effect of H2S-NO Interaction on Diabetes 6.13 Effect of H2S-NO Interaction on Gastrointestinal Tract, Immune System, and Nervous System 7 Interaction of H2S with CO 7.1 Regulation of H2S Synthetases by CO 7.2 Regulation of HO by H2S 7.3 Interaction of H2S with Transcription Factors Containing Heme 7.4 Effect of H2S-CO Interaction on Pulmonary Hypertension 7.5 Effect of H2S-CO Interaction on Nervous System 8 Interaction among H2S, NO, and CO 9 Interaction of H2S with SO2 9.1 Regulation of AAT by H2S 9.2 Effect of H2S-SO2 Interaction on Inflammation 9.3 Effect of H2S-SO2 Interaction on Pulmonary Hypertension 10 Conclusions and Perspectives References