Advances in Giardia research : [papers from the Calgary Giardia Conference, February 23-25, 1987

Advances in Giardia Research......Page 2 PREFACE......Page 4 ADVANCES IN GIARDIA RESEARCH......Page 6 EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND DRUG SENSITIVITY......Page 10 The Current Armamentarium......Page 11 Evidence for Drug Resistance in Human Patients......Page 12 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance......Page 13 Literature Cited......Page 14 Fluorescing Agent......Page 16 Results......Page 17 Literature Cited......Page 19 Modes of Transmission......Page 21 Results......Page 22 Conclusions......Page 24 Literature Cited......Page 25 Adherence Assay......Page 26 Validation of the Adherence Assay......Page 27 Discussion......Page 28 Literature Cited......Page 29 Material and Methods......Page 30 Discussion......Page 31 Literature Cited......Page 33 Materials and Methods......Page 34 Results......Page 35 Literature Cited......Page 36 1). Preparation of Cell Monolayers on Coverslips......Page 38 2). Interactions Between Parasites and HeLa Cells......Page 39 Discussion......Page 40 Literature cited......Page 41 Discussion......Page 43 Literature Cited......Page 45 IMMUNOLOGY......Page 46 Production and Role of Anti-Giardia Antibodies......Page 47 Roles of T Lymphocytes, Natural Killer Cells, and Macrophages......Page 48 Literature Cited......Page 49 Giardia Isolates and Parasitological Techniques......Page 51 Characterization of the Two Giardia Isolates......Page 52 Infections in Normal Rats......Page 53 Passive Protection With Immune Bile......Page 54 Discussion......Page 55 Literature Cited......Page 56 Results......Page 57 Literature Cited......Page 59 ANIMAL MODELS AND CROSS-INFECTION......Page 61 Analysis of Collections During the Edmonton Outbreak......Page 62 Prevalence of Giardia sp. in Dogs During a Human Outbreak......Page 63 Discussion......Page 64 Literature Cited......Page 65 Materials and Methods......Page 66 The Numbers and Distribution of Giardia Trophozoites in the Small Intestine......Page 67 Literature Cited......Page 69 Institutional Profiles......Page 71 Results......Page 72 Discussion......Page 73 Literature Cited......Page 74 Collection of Cysts from Gerbils......Page 75 General......Page 76 Literature Cited......Page 77 Animal Model......Page 78 Discussion......Page 79 Literature Cited......Page 80 WATER TREATMENT......Page 82 Water Treatment and the Giardia Cyst......Page 83 Slow Sand Filtration......Page 85 Treatment Plant Description......Page 86 Giardia Cysts and Other Microorganisms......Page 87 General Water Quality Parameters......Page 88 Filter Media......Page 89 Summary and Conclusions......Page 90 Literature Cited......Page 91 Slow Sand Filtration......Page 92 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration......Page 94 Coagulation-Filtration......Page 96 Conclusions......Page 98 Literature Cited......Page 99 Introduction......Page 100 Results......Page 101 Discussion......Page 102 References......Page 103 Introduction......Page 104 Sampling Techniques......Page 105 Reverse Osmosis Efficiency......Page 106 Granular Activated Carbon Filtration System......Page 107 General Discussion......Page 108 Literature Cited......Page 109 Discussion......Page 110 Literature Cited......Page 113 Introduction......Page 114 Treatment Plant Design Criteria Development......Page 115 Plant Performance......Page 116 Backwash......Page 119 Cost Data......Page 120 Literature Cited......Page 121 Solution to the Problem......Page 122 Ozone Generation......Page 123 Ozone System Sizing......Page 124 Literature Cited......Page 125 Materials and Methods......Page 126 Conclusions......Page 127 Literature Cited......Page 128 Results......Page 129 Literature Cited......Page 131 Introduction......Page 132 Cyst Production......Page 133 Cyst Recovery by Membrane Filtration......Page 134 Preliminary Injection and Recovery Trials......Page 135 Disinfection Trials......Page 136 Disinfection Experiments......Page 137 Literature Cited......Page 138 DIFFERENTIATION OF GIARDIA ISOLATES......Page 140 Materials and Methods......Page 141 Results......Page 142 Discussion......Page 144 Literature Cited......Page 145 2. Partial Purification of the 32kD Antigen......Page 147 4. Immunoblot of Antigens Reacted with the Anti- 32kD Serum......Page 148 1. Identification of the 32kD Antigen in in vitro Translations of mRNA......Page 149 Literature Cited......Page 150 Introduction......Page 152 Immunofluorescence Cross-testing......Page 153 Discussion......Page 154 Literature Cited......Page 155 Giardia Isolates......Page 157 Results and Discussion......Page 158 Literature Cited......Page 159 Introduction......Page 160 Immobilization of G. muris Trophozoites......Page 161 Literature Cited......Page 162 Results and Discussion......Page 164 Role of the Promoter Region in Transcriptional Regulation......Page 165 Literature Cited......Page 166 Immunoprecipitation......Page 167 Discussion......Page 168 Literature Cited......Page 169 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis......Page 171 Sedimentation Velocity Measurements......Page 172 Discussion......Page 173 Acknowledgements......Page 174 Literature Cited......Page 175 Enzyme Assays......Page 176 Discussion......Page 177 Literature Cited......Page 178 Fractionation of CSA by Sephacryl S-300 (gel-filtration) Column Chromatography......Page 179 Results......Page 180 Discussion......Page 181 Literature Cited......Page 182 DETECTION OF GIARDIA CYSTS......Page 183 Introduction......Page 184 Sampling Device......Page 185 Processing the Filter Cartridge for Analysis......Page 186 The Overlay/Underlay and the Membrane Filter Selective Concentration Techniques......Page 187 Specific Gravity of the Chemical......Page 188 Problems with Direct Microscopy and Fluorescent Microscopy......Page 189 Conclusions......Page 190 Literature Cited......Page 191 Sample Collection......Page 192 Results and Discussion......Page 193 Literature Cited......Page 195 Calculations......Page 197 Discussion......Page 198 Literature Cited......Page 199 Results......Page 200 Literature Cited......Page 201 In vitro Encystment......Page 203 Results......Page 204 Discussion......Page 205 Literature Cited......Page 206 Monitoring the Watershed Environment: Bacteriological and Chemical Indicators of Possible Sewage Con.........Page 207 Discussion......Page 208 Literature Cited......Page 209 Beavers......Page 210 (ii) Are the Giardia in Beavers the Same As Those in Man?......Page 212 (iii) Infection of Beavers with Giardia Cysts of Human Origin......Page 213 Domestic Animals and Birds......Page 214 (ii) Waterborne Outbreaks of Giardiasis - Human versus Animal Origin for Cysts......Page 215 The Sources of Giardia Cysts in Water......Page 216 Acknowledgements......Page 217 Literature Cited......Page 218 All Samples......Page 220 Creeks......Page 222 Lakes......Page 223 Unfiltered......Page 224 Direct Filtration......Page 225 Cartridge or Mechanical Filters......Page 226 Conclusions......Page 227 Acknowledgements......Page 228 VIABILITY TESTING......Page 229 Excystation......Page 230 Other Methods......Page 233 Literature Cited......Page 234 Organisms......Page 236 Preliminary Studies with FluoroBora IF......Page 237 Preliminary Studies With Giardia Lamblia Cysts......Page 238 Discussion......Page 239 Literature Cited......Page 240 Organisms......Page 241 Development of Excystation Method for G. muris......Page 242 Method Comparison and Use......Page 243 Literature Cited......Page 244 Materials and Methods......Page 245 Cyst Viability by Light Microscopy......Page 246 Discussion......Page 247 Literature Cited......Page 248 PANEL DISCUSSIONS......Page 250 Encystation......Page 251 A Possible Sampling Approach for Evaluating the Level of Risk (M.B. Borup)......Page 252 Questions/Comments......Page 253 Determination of an Allowable Morbidity Rate (R.S. Tobin)......Page 254 Questions/Comments......Page 255 Allowable Concentrations of Cysts in Raw and Finished Water (A. Amirtharajah)......Page 256 Infectivity and Viability (C.P. Hibler)......Page 258 Measurement of CT Values on Site (A. Amirtharajah)......Page 259 Questions/Comments......Page 261 Literature Cited......Page 262 Chemotaxonomy......Page 264 Literature Cited......Page 265 Ernest A. Meyer......Page 267 Charles P. Hibler......Page 268 Discussion......Page 269 C......Page 271 E......Page 272 H......Page 273 L......Page 274 M......Page 275 R......Page 276 T......Page 277 Z......Page 278