Advances in Design Engineering IV: Proceedings of the XXXII INGEGRAF International Conference 21–23 June, Cádiz, Spain

This book presents the cutting-edge research showcased at the XXXII International Congress INGEGRAF, held in Cádiz, Spain from 21-23 June 2023. It highlights the latest advances in product design and manufacturing, including industrial methods for integrated product and process design, innovative design, and computer-aided design. The book covers a broad spectrum of topics, including virtual simulation and reverse engineering, additive manufacturing, product manufacturing, engineering methods in medicine and education, representation techniques, and nautical, engineering and construction, aeronautics and aerospace design, and modeling. The book is organized into main sections that reflect the focus and primary themes of the conference. The contributions in this book provide extensive information and insights to support the daily work of researchers, engineers, and experts in various industrial engineering subfields. Additionally, the book intends to inspire new research directions, promote advanced applications of the discussed methods, and foster future interdisciplinary collaborations. Series Editor’s Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Contents Editors and Contributors Part I Physical Environment 1 An Outline of the Geology of Poland Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Synopsis of Geological Evolution 1.3 East European Platform 1.4 Palaeozoic Platform 1.4.1 The Sudetes 1.4.2 External Variscides of Central and Western Poland 1.4.3 Upper Silesian Block 1.4.4 Pomeranian Caledonides 1.4.5 Permian-Mesozoic Polish Basin 1.5 Transition from the East European Platform to the Palaeozoic Platform 1.6 The Carpathians 1.7 Cenozoic Tectonic Events 1.8 Concluding Remarks References 2 Quaternary History Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 General Characteristics and Stratigraphy of the Quaternary in Poland 2.3 The River System and Spillways (Ice-Marginal Valleys) 2.4 Quaternary Palaeogeography of Poland 2.5 Climate Changes Recorded in the Last Glacial Loess–Palaeosol Sequences 2.6 Late Glacial and the European Sand Belt 2.7 Summary and Conclusions References 3 The Climate of Poland Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Atmospheric Circulation Over Poland—Regional and Continental Context 3.2.1 The Position of Poland in the Context of General Atmospheric Circulation 3.2.2 Atmospheric Pressure Centers 3.2.3 North Atlantic Oscillation Index 3.2.4 Moisture Transport 3.3 Air Temperature 3.3.1 Spatial Distribution 3.3.2 Diurnal and Day-to-Day Temperature Changes 3.3.3 Atmospheric Circulation and Continentalism 3.3.4 Thermal Climates 3.4 Precipitation 3.4.1 Spatial Distribution 3.4.2 Annual Variability and Number of Rainy Days 3.4.3 Extreme Precipitation 3.5 Wind Conditions 3.5.1 Wind Conditions at a National Scale 3.5.2 Large-Scale Events 3.5.3 Local Events 3.6 Climate Change 3.6.1 Climate Evolution Since the Last Glacial Cycle 3.6.2 Contemporary Climate Changes 3.7 Implications for Geomorphological Processes References 4 Geomorphological Diversity of Poland—Major Controls and Main Geomorphological Regions Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Relief-Controlling Factors 4.2.1 Timescales 4.2.2 Geology 4.2.3 Climate and Climatic History 4.2.3.1 Contemporary Climate and the Role of Extreme Atmospheric Events 4.2.3.2 Climatic Inheritance 4.2.4 Human Impact 4.3 Main Types of Relief 4.3.1 Mountains 4.3.1.1 High Mountains 4.3.1.2 Medium–High Mountains, Intramontane Basins and Foothills of the Alpine System 4.3.1.3 Medium–High Mountains of the Variscan System 4.3.2 Fore-Mountain Terrains 4.3.2.1 Fore-Carpathian Basins 4.3.2.2 Sudetic Foreland 4.3.3 Uplands 4.3.4 Lowland Landscapes of Central Poland 4.3.5 Late Pleistocene Glacial Landscapes of Northern Poland 4.3.6 The Coast 4.4 Geomorphological Landscapes with Strong Anthropic Signatures 4.4.1 Mining and Industry 4.4.2 Agriculture and Forestry 4.4.3 River Regulation 4.4.4 Urban Development 4.5 Geomorphology of Poland in a Broader European Perspective References 5 Riverine Landscapes Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Palaeogeographic Setting 5.3 Regional Typology of River Channel Systems 5.4 Contemporary Facets of River Channel Systems 5.4.1 Channels in Mountainous Areas 5.4.2 Channels in Upland Areas 5.4.3 Channels in the Old-Glacial Belt 5.4.4 Channels in the Young-Glacial Belt 5.5 Selected Impacts on River Channel Systems 5.6 Final Remarks References 6 Geomorphological Heritage of Poland—Diversity, Conservation and Promotion Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Diversity of Geomorphological Heritage of Poland 6.2.1 Weathering and Rock-Controlled Landforms 6.2.2 Karst Landforms 6.2.3 Other Denudational Landforms 6.2.4 Fluvial Landforms 6.2.5 Glacial Landforms 6.2.6 Periglacial Landforms 6.2.7 Aeolian Landforms 6.2.8 Littoral Landforms 6.2.9 Impact Landforms 6.3 Geomorphological Heritage and System of Nature Conservation in Poland 6.3.1 Legal Framework 6.3.2 National Parks 6.3.3 Landscape Parks 6.3.4 Nature Reserves 6.3.5 Site Protection 6.3.6 Other Non-Legal Means of Geosite Recognition 6.4 Geoparks 6.5 Conclusions References Part II Regional Studies 7 Karkonosze Mountains and Jelenia Góra Basin—Unique Variety of Granite Landforms Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Geological Setting 7.3 Main Landscape Features 7.3.1 Karkonosze Mountains 7.3.2 Jelenia Góra Basin 7.4 Long-Term Landscape Evolution 7.5 Specific Landforms 7.5.1 Tors 7.5.2 Glacial Landforms—Evidence of Pleistocene Glaciations 7.5.3 Periglacial Conditions and Frost-Induced Landforms 7.5.4 Fluvial Geomorphology as a Response to Tectonics and Climate Changes 7.6 Extreme Events 7.7 Human Impact 7.8 Conclusions References 8 Land of Extinct Volcanoes—Rock-Controlled Landforms, Postglacial Gorges, and Faulted Margin of the Sudetes Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Geological Background 8.2.1 Pre-Quaternary Rock Record 8.2.2 Cenozoic Faulting, Uplift and Subsidence 8.3 Regional Landscapes 8.3.1 Kaczawskie Mountains 8.3.2 Kaczawskie Foothills 8.3.3 Mountain Foreland 8.4 Characteristic Landforms 8.4.1 Geomorphic Expression of Ancient Volcanism 8.4.2 Periglacial Legacy 8.4.3 Sandstone Cuestas 8.4.4 Karst 8.4.5 Gorges—How Ice Sheets Have Contributed to the Present-Day Relief 8.4.6 Fault-Generated Mountain Front 8.5 Towards a UNESCO Global Geopark 8.6 Conclusions References 9 The Kamienne Mountains—Late Palaeozoic Volcanic Terrain Shaped by Late Quaternary Landslides Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Geographical and Geological Setting 9.3 Landslides—History of Research 9.4 Landslide Typology, Distribution, and Controls 9.5 Selected Landslides 9.5.1 Rogowiec Landslide Complex 9.5.2 Suchawa–Kostrzyna–Włostowa Landslides 9.5.3 Mt. Lesista Wielka—Old Landslides and Ongoing Slope Deformations 9.6 The Kamienne Mountains as a Geotourist Destination 9.7 Conclusions References 10 The Stołowe Mountains—A Unique Sandstone Tableland Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Geological Context 10.3 Landform Diversity 10.3.1 Plateaus, Mesas and Escarpments 10.3.2 Rock Cities and Ruiniform Relief 10.3.3 Sandstone Tors and Pedestal Rocks 10.3.4 Solitary Boulders 10.3.5 Canyons 10.4 Landform Evolution 10.4.1 General Evolutionary Pathway and Historical Concepts 10.4.2 Underground Erosion and the Development of Ruiniform Relief 10.4.3 Escarpment Retreat and the Origin of Boulders 10.5 Conclusions References 11 Cultural Geomorphological Landscapes of the East Sudetes Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Setting and Location 11.3 Geology and Main Features of Relief 11.4 Diversity of Anthropogenic Landforms and Features 11.4.1 Landforms Related to Mining and Industry 11.4.2 Landforms Related to Agriculture, Settlements, and Forestry 11.4.3 Landforms and Constructions Related to Water Management 11.4.4 Other Features of the Cultural Geomorphological Landscape 11.5 Indirect Human Impact on Relief and Sediments 11.6 Persistence, Values, and Promotion of Cultural Geomorphological Landscapes 11.7 Conclusions References 12 Mount Ślęża—The Highest Inselberg in the Sudetic Foreland and Its Glacial-Periglacial Morphogenesis Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Main Relief Features 12.3 Geological Background 12.4 Long-Term Geomorphological Evolution 12.5 Morphometric Characteristics 12.6 Ślęża Massif in the Pleistocene 12.6.1 Inland Glaciation 12.6.2 Periglacial Legacy 12.6.2.1 Crags and Rock Cliffs 12.6.2.2 Blockfields and Slope Deposits 12.6.2.3 Block Streams and Boulder Lobes 12.6.2.4 Magnitude of Glacial and Periglacial Remodelling 12.7 Conclusions References 13 Mt. Babia Góra—The Highest Flysch Ridge in the Western Carpathians Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Study Area 13.2.1 Location 13.2.2 Geological Structure 13.2.3 Morphometry of Mt. Babia Góra 13.2.4 Relief-Forming Factors 13.3 Relief of Mt. Babia Góra 13.3.1 Main Elements of Relief and Their Age 13.3.2 Landforms 13.3.2.1 Relief Features of the Main Ridge 13.3.2.2 Periglacial Landforms 13.3.2.3 Landslides 13.3.2.4 Glacial, Nival, and Other Landforms Connected with Former Glaciation 13.3.2.5 Couloirs, Torrential Fans, Debris Flows, Shallow Landslides, and Avalanches 13.3.2.6 Fluvial Landforms and Peat-Bogs 13.3.2.7 Anthropogenic Landforms 13.3.3 Relief Development 13.3.4 Spatial Differentiation of Relief—Altitude Zones and Asymmetry 13.4 Conclusions References 14 Tatra Mountains—The Only High-Mountain Landscape in Poland Abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Geology and Structural Relief 14.3 Main Features of Glacial Relief 14.3.1 Erosional Landforms 14.3.2 Depositional Landforms 14.4 Mass Movements 14.5 Landscape Evolution 14.5.1 Neotectonic Uplift 14.5.2 Glacial Chronology 14.5.2.1 Maximum Glaciations 14.5.2.2 Last Deglaciation 14.5.3 Present-Day Geomorphological Processes 14.5.4 Human Impact 14.6 Conclusions References 15 The Tatra Mountains—Host of the Deepest Caves in the Carpathians Abstract 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Geological Setting and Its Influence on Caves 15.3 Karst Hydrology 15.4 Surface Karst Landforms 15.5 Cave Morphology 15.6 Cave Development in the Tatra Mountains 15.7 Conclusions References 16 Hills, Gravelly Floodplains and Peat Bogs of the Podhale—A Unique Landscape Mosaic Between the Tatra, the Beskidy and the Pieniny Mountains Abstract 16.1 Introduction—Geographical and Geological Background 16.2 Gubałówka–Spisz Hills 16.3 Orawa–Nowy Targ Basin 16.4 Klippen 16.5 Loess-Like Deposits or ‘Orawa Loams’ 16.6 Peat Bogs 16.7 River Diversity 16.8 Conclusions References 17 Dunajec River Gorge Through the Pieniny Mountains Abstract 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Geological Setting of the Pieniny Mts. 17.3 Pieniny Gorge Phenomenon 17.4 Pieniny Gorge: From Past to the Recent Concepts 17.4.1 The Origin of the Dunajec River Gorge in the Light of Previous Concepts 17.4.2 Towards the New Concept 17.4.2.1 Geomorphic Evolution 17.4.2.2 Evolution of Pieniny Klippen Belt Flower Structure 17.4.2.3 Gravitational Collapse 17.5 Conclusions References 18 Impact of Mass Movements on Landscape and Landform Transformation in the Beskidy Mountains—From Gravitational Collapse to Recent Times Abstract 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Geological and Geomorphological Setting 18.3 Gravitational Collapse: Impact of Giant Gravitational Displacements on Morphology and Landscape 18.3.1 Gravity-Induced Mountain Ranges and Their Groups 18.3.2 Gravitationally-Induced Foothills 18.4 Quaternary Stage of Landform Evolution 18.4.1 Large-Scale Slope Transformations 18.4.2 Local-Scale Elements of Landslide Morphology 18.5 Contemporary Mass Movements 18.6 Carpathian Relief and Landscape Transformation by Landslides: Towards Geodiversity 18.7 Conclusions References 19 Gravitationally Induced Non-karst Caves in the Polish Outer Carpathians Abstract 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Geological and Geomorphological Setting 19.3 Classification of Gravity-Induced Caves in the Outer Carpathians 19.4 Case Studies of Representative Caves 19.4.1 Jaskinia Malinowska—Initial and Dilational Cave 19.4.2 Złotopieńska Dziura—Intermediate, Dilational Cave 19.4.3 Jaskinia Miecharska Cave—Subsequent and Dilatancy Cave 19.4.4 Jaskinia Zbójecka na Łopieniu—Subsequent, Boulder Cave 19.5 The Age and Circumstances of Formation and Evolution of Caves 19.6 The Value of Caves, Their Protection and Accessibility References 20 Bieszczady Mts.—Structural Relief with Human Imprint in the Wilderness Corner of Poland Abstract 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Setting and Location 20.3 Geology 20.3.1 Lithological Diversity of Flysch Rocks 20.3.2 The Impact of Sedimentary Basin Stage and Tectonic Evolution on the Landscape 20.4 Main Relief Features 20.4.1 Parallel-Oriented Ridges with Structural Slope Relief 20.4.2 Grid-Like Pattern of River Valleys 20.5 Medium-Size and Minor Landforms 20.5.1 Rock Crags 20.5.2 Blockfields 20.5.3 Landslides 20.5.4 Soil Piping Forms and Features 20.5.5 Erosional Landforms in River Channels 20.5.6 Peatlands 20.6 Human Impact and Cultural Geomorphological Landscape 20.7 Conclusions References 21 Upper Silesian Region—An Example of Large-Scale Transformation of Relief by Mining Abstract 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Main Geological and Geomorphological Characteristics 21.3 Mining-Related Landforms 21.3.1 Excavations 21.3.2 Spoil Tips 21.3.3 Ground Subsidence 21.3.3.1 Subsidence Troughs 21.3.3.2 Sinkholes 21.4 Hydrological and Hydromorphological Consequences of Ground Deformations 21.4.1 Closed Depressions and Shifting Water Divides 21.4.2 Changes in Stream Longitudinal Gradients 21.5 Post-Mining Landscape 21.6 Conclusions References 22 Kraków-Częstochowa Upland—Monadnocks and Relic Caves in the Karst Landscape Abstract 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Geological Setting 22.3 Karst Relief 22.3.1 Surface Landforms 22.3.1.1 Rocky Hills, Monadnocks, and Limestone Tors 22.3.1.2 Rocky Valleys and Gorges 22.3.1.3 Covered Karst—Dropout and Suffosion Dolines 22.3.2 Caves 22.4 Evolution of Karst Landforms 22.5 Geomorphological Landscape and Cultural Heritage 22.6 Conclusions References 23 Kraków—Anthropogenic Changes in the Relief of a Large City Abstract 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Study Area 23.2.1 Location of Kraków 23.2.2 Relief 23.2.3 Urban Development 23.3 Methods 23.4 Types of Anthropogenic Landforms 23.5 Anthropogenic Changes in the Relief of Kraków 23.5.1 The Whole Area of the City 23.5.2 Historic City Centre 23.6 Trends of Changes in the City Relief 23.7 Conclusions References 24 The South-Eastern Nida Basin (Ponidzie)—Karst in Gypsum Rocks Abstract 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Geographical and Geological Setting 24.3 Karst Areas 24.3.1 Western Part of the Solec Basin 24.3.1.1 Geological Background 24.3.1.2 Karst Landforms 24.3.1.3 Karst Formation and Evolution 24.3.2 Szaniec Plateau (Western Part of the Połaniec Basin) 24.3.3 Skadla-Grabki Duże Area 24.3.4 Staszów Town 24.3.5 Lasy Golejowskie (Golejowskie Forests) 24.4 Scientific and Educational Values of Gypsum Karst in the Ponidzie References 25 Sandstone Crags and Blockfields in the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains Abstract 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Geographical and Geological Setting 25.3 Crags in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains—Examples 25.3.1 Upper Cambrian Wiśniówka Fm 25.3.2 Lower Devonian Sandstones and Quartzitic Sandstones 25.3.3 Sandstones of the Lower Triassic (Lower Buntsandstein) Zagnańsk Formation 25.3.4 Sandstones of the Middle Triassic (Upper Buntsandstein) Krynki Beds 25.3.5 Sandstones of the Lower Jurassic Skłoby Formation and the Ostrowiec Formation 25.4 Lithological and Structural Controls of Crag Formation and Preservation 25.4.1 Lithology and Physico-Mechanical Properties 25.4.2 Bed Thickness and Joint Spacing 25.4.3 Spatial (Tectonic) Constraints of Crag Formation 25.4.4 Evolution of Crags 25.5 Features and Factors Involved in Crag Formation—A Synthesis 25.6 Scientific, Educational and Aesthetic Values of Crags References 26 Loess Gullies of the Nałęczów Plateau—An Outcome of Human–Environment Interactions Abstract 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Natural Conditions of the Western Part of the Nałęczów Plateau 26.3 Development of Gully Network 26.3.1 Phases of Gully Erosion 26.3.2 Morphology of Gullies 26.3.2.1 Valley Gullies 26.3.2.2 Sunken Lanes 26.4 Environmental Consequences of Gully Erosion 26.5 Gullies as Touristic and Geotouristic Attractions 26.6 Conclusions References 27 Chalk Karst in the Lublin Region Abstract 27.1 Introduction—What is Chalk Karst? 27.2 Geological and Hydrogeological Background 27.2.1 Lithology and Structure 27.2.1.1 Chalk 27.2.1.2 Structural Fissuring 27.2.2 Hydrogeology 27.3 Chalk Karst Relief 27.3.1 Surface Landforms 27.3.1.1 Dolines 27.3.1.2 Uvalas 27.3.1.3 Karst Valleys 27.3.1.4 Poplavas 27.3.1.5 Large Karst Depressions—Poljes 27.3.2 Fossil Karst Forms 27.3.2.1 Karstified Fissures 27.3.2.2 Pockets 27.3.2.3 Pipes and Kettles 27.3.2.4 Paleodolines 27.3.2.5 Paleouvalas 27.4 Stages of Karst Evolution 27.5 Lakes in the Lublin Chalkland–Karst versus Thermokarst Origin 27.6 Conclusions References 28 Mużaków Rampart (Muskau Arch)—The Legacy of Glacial Processes and Mining in the UNESCO Global Geopark Abstract 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Pre-Quaternary Geological Context 28.3 Quaternary Glacial History and the Origin of the Moraine Arch 28.3.1 Gross Relief Features 28.3.2 Deciphering Glacial Processes 28.3.3 Primary and Secondary Effects of Glacitectonic Deformations 28.3.4 Postglacial Re-Modelling—Activity of Hillslope, Fluvial and Aeolian Processes 28.4 Anthropogenic Transformation of Glacial Relief 28.4.1 History of Mining and Industry 28.4.2 Primary Anthropogenic Landforms 28.4.3 Human-Induced Processes and Landforms 28.5 Muskau Arch Geopark 28.5.1 Towards the Transboundary Geopark 28.5.2 Geosites—Distribution and Diversity 28.5.3 Babina Mine Trail 28.5.4 The Muskau Park—World Heritage Property 28.6 Conclusions References 29 Polygenetic Lowland Relief Around the City of Łódź—Glacial Inheritance and Periglacial Transformation Abstract 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Stages of Relief Evolution 29.3 Basic Features of Glacial Morphology 29.4 Periglacial Transformation and the Origin of New Landforms 29.4.1 Frost Cracks, Ice and Sand Wedges, and Involutions 29.4.2 Lacustrine Morphogenesis 29.4.3 Fluvial Morphogenesis 29.4.3.1 History of Fluvial Valleys 29.4.3.2 Periglacial Dry Valleys 29.4.4 Aeolian Morphogenesis 29.4.4.1 Aeolian Sediments 29.4.4.2 Dune Fields 29.4.4.3 Aeolian-Fluvial Interactions 29.5 Holocene Landform Transformation 29.6 Conclusions References 30 Inland Dunes of the Kampinos National Park Abstract 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Geology and Geomorphology 30.3 Age of Dune-Forming Processes 30.4 Dunes of the Kampinos National Park 30.4.1 Morphology 30.4.2 Dune Sand Composition and Sand Grain Textures 30.4.3 Source of Dune Sand 30.5 Degradation of Dunes in the Kampinos Forest 30.6 Summary References 31 The Valley of Anastomosing Narew River (NE Poland)—A Unique Fluvial Landscape of the European Lowlands Abstract 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Geomorphological and Geological Setting 31.3 The Channels of Anastomosing Narew River 31.4 The Narew River Floodplain 31.5 Searching for the Driver of the Narew Anastomosing Pattern 31.6 Geological History of the Narew River Valley 31.7 Fluvial Analogues of the Narew River in Poland and in the World 31.8 Conclusions References 32 Morasko—Meteorite Impact Craters in the Glacial Landscape Abstract 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Regional Setting 32.3 Discovery of Impact Craters 32.4 Morphology and Modifications of the Impact Craters 32.5 Present State and Visiting 32.6 Conclusions References 33 Lednica Landscape Park—A Geoarchaeological Landscape in Central Wielkopolska Abstract 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Setting and Location 33.3 Geology and Main Features of Relief 33.4 Diversity of Geoarchaeological Landscapes 33.4.1 Anthropogenic Landforms—Human Impact on Topography 33.4.1.1 Moraczewo—Early Medieval Stronghold 33.4.1.2 Ostrów Lednicki—Early Medieval Stronghold 33.4.1.3 Ledniczka—Late Medieval Motte 33.4.1.4 Imiołki—Medieval Motte 33.4.2 Sources of Building Materials—Destructive Human Impact on Topography 33.4.3 Indirect Human Impact on Topography and Geomorphic Processes 33.5 Geoarchaeological Heritage—Current Threats, Protection, Promotion and Education 33.6 Conclusions References 34 The Middle Noteć Valley—The Landscape of an Ice-Marginal Valley and Its Surroundings Abstract 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Geological Setting 34.3 Geomorphological Characteristics of the Central Section of the Toruń-Eberswalde Pradolina and Its Surroundings 34.3.1 Glacial Landforms 34.3.1.1 Areas to the North of the Toruń-Eberswalde Pradolina 34.3.1.2 Areas to the South of Toruń-Eberswalde Pradolina 34.3.2 Palaeoglaciological Interpretation 34.3.3 Morphology of Bydgoszcz-Ujście Section of the Toruń-Eberswalde Pradolina 34.3.3.1 General Features 34.3.3.2 Terrace System 34.3.4 Minor Landscape Elements 34.3.4.1 Gullies and Alluvial Fans 34.3.4.2 Dunes and Dune Fields 34.3.4.3 Kettle-Holes 34.3.5 Landscape Evolution 34.4 Anthropogenic Modifications of Relief of the Torun ́-Eberswalde Pradolina 34.5 Conclusions References 35 Glacial and Postglacial Landforms of the Drawsko Lakeland Abstract 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Geographical Setting 35.3 Pleistocene Inheritance in the Contemporary Landscape 35.4 Diversity of Glacial and Fluvioglacial Landforms 35.4.1 Moraine Plateaus 35.4.2 Tunnel Valleys 35.4.3 Outwash Plains 35.4.4 Glaciolacustrine Plains 35.5 Holocene Landscape 35.6 Anthropocene Landscape 35.7 Geosites 35.8 Conclusions References 36 Tunnel Valleys of the Tuchola Forest and Kashubian Lake District Abstract 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Origin of Tunnel Valleys 36.3 Setting and Location 36.4 Examples of Tunnel Valleys 36.4.1 The Wiecka Tunnel Channel 36.4.1.1 Geomorphology 36.4.1.2 Origin and Evolution 36.4.2 The Charzykowska Tunnel Valley 36.4.2.1 Geomorphology 36.4.2.2 Origin and Evolution 36.4.3 The Wdzydze-Gołuń Tunnel Valley 36.4.3.1 Geomorphology 36.4.3.2 Origin and Evolution 36.4.4 The Borzechowska Tunnel Valley 36.4.4.1 Geomorphology 36.4.4.2 Origin and Evolution 36.4.5 The Raduńska Tunnel Valley 36.4.5.1 Geomorphology 36.4.5.2 Origin and Evolution 36.4.6 The Żarnowiecka Tunnel Valley 36.4.6.1 Geomorphology 36.4.6.2 Origin and Evolution 36.5 Summary and Conclusions References 37 Glacial Curvilineations of the Dobrzyń Lakeland—Spectacular Landscape Carved by Subglacial Meltwater Erosion Abstract 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Regional Setting 37.3 Morphology and Morphometry of Glacial Curvilineations 37.4 Geological Composition of Glacial Curvilineations 37.5 Origin of the Landscape of Glacial Curvilineations 37.6 Conclusions References 38 Suwałki Lakeland—Best Example of Lowland Glacial Geomorphology in Poland Abstract 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Geographical Location and Geological Setting 38.3 Main Landforms and Their Origin 38.4 Specific Landforms 38.4.1 The Rospuda Tunnel Valley 38.4.2 The Hańcza Lake Basin 38.4.3 The Czarna Hańcza River Valley 38.4.4 The Szeszupa Depression 38.4.5 The Wigry Lake Basin 38.4.6 The Pietronajć Lake in the Wiatrołuża Valley—A Possible Pingo 38.5 Conclusions References 39 Unique Landscape Originated by Cataclysmic Glacial Floods at the Weichselian Glaciation Decline in North-Eastern Poland Abstract 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Regional Setting 39.3 Lowland Landform System of Glacial Floods 39.3.1 Subglacial Landscape 39.3.1.1 The Main Pathways of Subglacial Floodwater Flow 39.3.1.2 Glacial Curvilineations as Indicative Features for Subglacial Outburst Floods 39.3.2 Proglacial Landscape 39.3.2.1 Floodwater Outlets and Outburst Terraces in the Western Spillway 39.3.2.2 Eastern Spillway and Its Scabland-Like Landscape 39.3.2.3 The Broad Outwash Plain with Features Indicating Outburst Flood 39.4 Sources of Glacial Megafloods and Their Contribution to the Valley System Development 39.5 Conclusions References 40 Wolin Island–Outstanding Geodiversity on the Polish Coast Abstract 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Geological Setting 40.3 Geomorphological Landscapes 40.3.1 Wolin End Moraine (Wolin Ridge) and Lubin-Wapnica Hummocks 40.3.2 Abrasive Coastal Landforms 40.3.2.1 Cliffed Coast of the Baltic Sea 40.3.2.2 Cliffed Coast of the Szczecin Lagoon 40.3.3 Depositional Coasts of the Wolin Island 40.3.3.1 Świna Gate and Retrogressive Świna Delta 40.3.3.2 Dziwna Sandbar 40.3.3.3 Rów Peninsula 40.3.4 Wolin Lakeland 40.3.5 Kodrąb Depression, Mokrzyca Hills and Dargobądz Plain 40.4 Geosites 40.5 Final Remarks References 41 Sandy Coast Landforms of the Łeba Barrier, Słowiński National Park Abstract 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Setting 41.2.1 Formation of the Łeba Barrier 41.2.2 Climate Characteristics 41.3 Beaches 41.3.1 Aeolian Transport on Beach 41.3.2 Beach Aeolian Mesoforms 41.4 Foredunes 41.4.1 Foredune Development 41.4.2 Decay of the Foredune 41.5 Stabilized and Active Dune Fields 41.6 Phases of Intensification of Aeolian Activity on Łeba Barrier in the Holocene 41.7 Landforms of the Słowiński National Park as a Tourist Attraction References 42 Vistula River Delta-Plain—A Region of Fluvial, Coastal, and Land Reclamation Impact on Landscape Development Abstract 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Delimitation and Hypsometric Diversity 42.3 Development of the Delta Plain 42.3.1 Pre-Holocene Stages 42.3.2 Holocene Stages 42.3.3 Anthropic Transformation of the Delta 42.3.4 Historical Vistula River Mouths 42.4 Characteristic Landscapes 42.4.1 “Glacial Islands” in Deltaic Landscape 42.4.2 Alluvial Landforms 42.4.3 Anthropogenic Landforms 42.4.4 Lake Druzno 42.4.5 Sandy Barrier Landforms 42.5 Natural Hazards 42.6 Conclusions References 43 Hel Peninsula—A Distinctive Spit on the Polish Baltic Coast Abstract 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Geological Structure of the Hel Peninsula 43.3 Geomorphology of the Hel Peninsula 43.4 Future Development of the Hel Peninsula References Index