Advances in Democracy: From the French Revolution to the Present-Day European Union (A History of Western Civilization)

Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, Europe was seized by the spirit of political and social innovation and reform that has continued into the 21st century. The general atmosphere of the continent, reflected in the Romantic, Realist, and Modernist movements that swept through its nations, reflected a growing cognizance of previously neglected social realities that demanded action. This engaging volume chronicles Europe's transformations from the late 18th century through the present and examines the European response to both prosperity and war. TITLE......Page 4 COPYRIGHT......Page 5 CONTENTS......Page 6 INTRODUCTION......Page 11 CHAPTER 1 THE AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1789–1849......Page 20 ECONOMIC EFFECTS......Page 21 SOCIAL UPHEAVAL......Page 27 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION......Page 34 THE NAPOLEONIC ERA......Page 37 THE CONSERVATIVE REACTION......Page 43 THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848......Page 46 THE LEGACY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION......Page 48 CULTURAL NATIONALISM......Page 50 SIMPLICITY AND TRUTH......Page 52 POPULISM......Page 53 NATURE OF THE CHANGES......Page 55 NAPOLEON’S INFLUENCE......Page 57 CHAPTER 2 THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY: ROMANTICISM AND OTHER CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS......Page 59 THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT......Page 61 LITERATURE......Page 65 DRAMA......Page 67 PAINTING......Page 68 SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE......Page 70 MUSIC......Page 71 SELF-ANALYSIS......Page 73 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT......Page 74 POSTREVOLUTIONARY THINKING......Page 77 THE PRINCIPLE OF EVOLUTION......Page 79 SCIENCE......Page 81 PHILOSOPHY......Page 83 RELIGION AND ITS ALTERNATIVES......Page 86 SCIENTIFIC POSITIVISM......Page 87 THE CULT OF ART......Page 89 CHAPTER 3 THE MID-19TH CENTURY: REALISM AND REALPOLITIK......Page 90 SCIENTIFIC MATERIALISM......Page 94 VICTORIAN MORALITY......Page 95 THE ADVANCE OF DEMOCRACY......Page 99 REALISM IN THE ARTS......Page 100 LITERATURE......Page 102 PAINTING AND SCULPTURE......Page 104 MUSIC......Page 108 SUMMARY......Page 110 THE “SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION”......Page 112 MODIFICATIONS IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE......Page 114 THE RISE OF ORGANIZED LABOUR AND MASS PROTESTS......Page 118 CONDITIONS IN EASTERN EUROPE......Page 124 POLITICAL PATTERNS......Page 126 CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS......Page 137 REFORM AND REACTION IN EASTERN EUROPE......Page 139 DIPLOMATIC ENTANGLEMENTS......Page 140 THE SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES......Page 142 PREWAR DIPLOMACY......Page 144 CHAPTER 5 MODERN CULTURE AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY......Page 147 SYMBOLISM AND IMPRESSIONISM......Page 150 AESTHETICISM......Page 151 NATURALISM......Page 154 ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT......Page 157 NEW TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE......Page 158 REEXAMINATION OF THE UNIVERSE......Page 162 THE PREWAR PERIOD......Page 167 CHAPTER 6 SOCIETY AND CULTURE AMID THE WORLD WARS, 1914–45......Page 169 THE GREAT WAR, OR WORLD WAR I......Page 170 THE CULTURAL SHOCK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR......Page 172 THE INTERWAR YEARS......Page 177 HOPES IN GENEVA......Page 180 THE LOTTERY IN WEIMAR......Page 184 THE IMPACT OF THE SLUMP......Page 188 THE TRAPPINGS OF DICTATORSHIP......Page 193 THE PHONY PEACE......Page 200 THE BLAST OF WORLD WAR II......Page 202 CHAPTER 7 POSTWAR EUROPE, 1945 TO THE PRESENT......Page 207 THE UNITED STATES TO THE RESCUE......Page 210 A CLIMATE OF FEAR......Page 214 AFFLUENCE AND ITS UNDERSIDE......Page 219 THE REFLUX OF EMPIRE......Page 221 EVER CLOSER UNION?......Page 226 CONCLUSION......Page 235 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 239 INDEX......Page 241 TITLE 4 COPYRIGHT 5 CONTENTS 6 INTRODUCTION 11 CHAPTER 1 THE AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1789–1849 20 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 21 ECONOMIC EFFECTS 21 SOCIAL UPHEAVAL 27 POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS 34 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 34 THE NAPOLEONIC ERA 37 THE CONSERVATIVE REACTION 43 THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 46 THE LEGACY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 48 CULTURAL NATIONALISM 50 SIMPLICITY AND TRUTH 52 POPULISM 53 NATURE OF THE CHANGES 55 NAPOLEON’S INFLUENCE 57 CHAPTER 2 THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY: ROMANTICISM AND OTHER CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS 59 THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT 61 LITERATURE 65 DRAMA 67 PAINTING 68 SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE 70 MUSIC 71 SELF-ANALYSIS 73 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT 74 POSTREVOLUTIONARY THINKING 77 THE PRINCIPLE OF EVOLUTION 79 SCIENCE 81 PHILOSOPHY 83 RELIGION AND ITS ALTERNATIVES 86 SCIENTIFIC POSITIVISM 87 THE CULT OF ART 89 CHAPTER 3 THE MID-19TH CENTURY: REALISM AND REALPOLITIK 90 SCIENTIFIC MATERIALISM 94 VICTORIAN MORALITY 95 THE ADVANCE OF DEMOCRACY 99 REALISM IN THE ARTS 100 LITERATURE 102 PAINTING AND SCULPTURE 104 POPULAR ART 108 MUSIC 108 SUMMARY 110 CHAPTER 4 A MATURING INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, 1849–1914 112 THE “SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION” 112 MODIFICATIONS IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE 114 THE RISE OF ORGANIZED LABOUR AND MASS PROTESTS 118 CONDITIONS IN EASTERN EUROPE 124 THE EMERGENCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL STATE 126 POLITICAL PATTERNS 126 CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS 137 REFORM AND REACTION IN EASTERN EUROPE 139 DIPLOMATIC ENTANGLEMENTS 140 THE SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES 142 PREWAR DIPLOMACY 144 CHAPTER 5 MODERN CULTURE AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY 147 SYMBOLISM AND IMPRESSIONISM 150 AESTHETICISM 151 NATURALISM 154 THE NEW CENTURY 157 ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT 157 NEW TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE 158 THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 162 REEXAMINATION OF THE UNIVERSE 162 THE PREWAR PERIOD 167 CHAPTER 6 SOCIETY AND CULTURE AMID THE WORLD WARS, 1914–45 169 THE GREAT WAR, OR WORLD WAR I 170 THE CULTURAL SHOCK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 172 THE INTERWAR YEARS 177 HOPES IN GENEVA 180 THE LOTTERY IN WEIMAR 184 THE IMPACT OF THE SLUMP 188 THE TRAPPINGS OF DICTATORSHIP 193 THE PHONY PEACE 200 THE BLAST OF WORLD WAR II 202 CHAPTER 7 POSTWAR EUROPE, 1945 TO THE PRESENT 207 THE UNITED STATES TO THE RESCUE 210 A CLIMATE OF FEAR 214 AFFLUENCE AND ITS UNDERSIDE 219 THE REFLUX OF EMPIRE 221 EVER CLOSER UNION? 226 CONCLUSION 235 BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 INDEX 241 This book examines modern Europe, from 1789, the start of the French Revolution, to the present day, discussing the Industrial Revolution, the growing power of urban centers, the 18th century Enlightenment, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen