Advances in Cryogenic Engineering : A Collection of Invited Papers and Contributed Papers Presented at National Technical Meetings During 1970 and 1971

1971 marked the first year since 1956 that the annual Cryogenic Engineering Conference was not held. Instead, the Cryogenic Engineering Conference gave its full support to the XIII International Congress of Refrigeration by working with Commissions I and II of the International Institute of Refrigeration to organize the cryogenic sessions for these two commissions. All of the papers presented at the International Congress of Refrigeration will be published by the IIR as part of the proceedings of that meeting. Even though no Cryogenic Engineering Conference was held in 1971, it became quite evident to the Conference Board that there were sufficient advances in cryogenic engineering to warrant the publication of Volume 17 of the Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Volume 17 presents the advances in this important field by bringing together in one volume some of the significant papers that have been presented at various technical meetings across the country during the latter half of 1970 and the first part of 1971. In addition, several authoritative review papers have been prepared by invitation of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference Board. Front Matter....Pages i-xii Trends in Cryogenic Fluid Production in the United States....Pages 1-7 Current Thermodynamic Property Availability of Cryogens....Pages 8-19 Liquefaction Cycles for Cryogens....Pages 20-36 Removal of Impurities from Gases to be Processed at Low Temperatures....Pages 37-55 Storage and Handling of Cryogens....Pages 56-68 The Balance between Innovations and Risks in the LNG Industry....Pages 69-73 Combined Storage of LPG and Natural Gas....Pages 74-83 Marine Terminals for LNG, Ethylene, and LPG....Pages 84-92 The Application of Commercial Materials to the Construction of Small Superconducting Magnets....Pages 93-102 Performance of Composite Copper-Superconductor Soldered Conductors....Pages 103-108 Speculations of Superconductivity in Biological and Organic Systems....Pages 109-115 Cryobiology-A Review....Pages 116-136 Current Status of Cryogenic and Air-Blast Food Freezing Systems....Pages 137-146 A 10,000-gpm Liquid Hydrogen Transfer System for the Saturn/Apollo Program....Pages 147-155 Zero-Gravity Thermal Performance of the Apollo Cryogenic Gas Storage System....Pages 156-159 Orbital Propellant Depot System....Pages 160-165 Static and Dynamic Fatigue Behavior of Glass Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels at Ambient and Cryogenic Temperatures....Pages 166-175 The British Cryogenics Council Safety Manual “A Guide to Good Practice”....Pages 176-181 Safety of Hydrogen Pressure Gauges....Pages 182-187 Detonation and Burning Characteristics of Liquid Oxygen-Liquid Methane Mixtures....Pages 188-191 Thermometric Fixed Points Using Superconductivity....Pages 192-198 Performance of NBS Cryogenic Flow Research Facility....Pages 199-205 Techniques for Determining Average Density and Related Parameters in Two-Phase Cryogenic Flow Systems....Pages 206-212 The Use of Infrared Absorption to Determine Density of Liquid Hydrogen....Pages 213-223 Continuously Cooled Superconducting Linear Accelerator and Particle Separator Models at 4.4 and 2°K....Pages 224-229 Refrigerators for Superconducting Accelerators and Auxiliary Experimental Equipment....Pages 230-239 Efficient Turbine Process for Liquefaction of Cryogens....Pages 240-248 Theoretical Analysis of a Cryogenic Gas Bearing with a Flexible Damped Support....Pages 249-254 A Generalized Virial Equation of State and its Application to Vapor-Liquid Equilibria at Low Temperatures....Pages 255-269 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane: Vapor-Liquid Coexistence....Pages 270-281 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane: PVT Surface and Corresponding Thermodynamic Properties....Pages 282-294 Liquid-Phase Activity Coefficients at 15 to 273°K....Pages 295-306 The Adsorption Isotherms of Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Their Mixtures in Helium on Coconut Charcoal at 70°K....Pages 307-312 Oscillations Near the Critical Point....Pages 313-315 Heat Transfer with the Helium II Superfluid Film....Pages 316-322 Breakdown of Superfluidity for Cylinders in Saturated Liquid Helium II....Pages 323-331 Nucleate Boiling of Helium I in Channels Simulating the Cooling Channels of Large Superconducting Magnets....Pages 332-341 Forced Flow, Single-Phase Helium Cooling Systems....Pages 342-351 Studies of Forced Convection Heat Transfer to Helium I....Pages 352-360 A Review of Film Boiling at Cryogenic Temperatures....Pages 361-381 A Review of Physical Models and Heat-Transfer Correlations for Free-Convection Film Boiling....Pages 382-406 Comparison of the Experimental Film Boiling Behavior of Carbon Monoxide with Several Film Boiling Correlations....Pages 407-413 The Effect of Nucleate Boiling on Polystyrene-Coated Surfaces....Pages 414-419 Novel Heat Exchanger Increases Cascade Cycle Efficiency for Natural Gas Liquefaction....Pages 420-437 Optimum Cryogenic Heat Pipe Design....Pages 438-448 Simplified Theory for Optimizing the Design of a Heat Shield in an Isochorically Operated Toroidal Dewar....Pages 449-455 Thermal Accommodation Coefficients of Helium and Nitrogen on Copper Surfaces....Pages 456-461 Critical Levitation Loci for Spheres on Cryogenic Fluids....Pages 462-474 A Thermal Stratification Model of a Cryogenic Tank at Supercritical Pressures....Pages 475-486 Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Cryogenic Two-Phase Flow....Pages 487-490 Back Matter....Pages 491-498