Advances in Corrosion Control and Materials in Oil and Gas Production: Papers from Eurocorr '97 and Eurocorr '98 (European Federation of Corrosion pu (European ... Federation of Corrosion Publications, 26)

'These papers from two recent European Federation of Corrosion conferences, EURCORR'97 and EURCORR'98, deal with advances in the understanding of corrosion and performance of equipment in upstream oil and gas operations. The opening section includes two keynote papers on: the materials and corrosion view of wet gas transportation; and the modelling of low induced localised corrosion from critical hydrodynamic data and fracture mechanics data of CO2 corrosion scales. The further 45 papers cover carbon and low alloy steels, martensitic stainless steels, corrosion resistant alloys, galvanic corrosion, corrosion inhibitors and other materials.' Front Matter......Page 1 Series Introduction......Page 3 Foreword......Page 6 Preface......Page 5 Table of Contents......Page 0 Table of Contents......Page 11 Part I. Keynote Papers......Page 16 1.1 Introduction......Page 17 1.3 Carbon Steel or CRA?......Page 18 1.4 Life Cycle Economics......Page 19 1.5 Risk Analysis......Page 20 1.6 Preventing Failures......Page 22 1.7 Corrosion Rate Predictions and Corrosion Allowance Calculations......Page 23 1.8 Risk Factors......Page 28 1.9 Corrosion Management......Page 34 1.10 Detection of Out-of-Compliance Situations......Page 35 1.11 Corrective Actions (Fall-Back Options)......Page 36 1.12 Conclusions......Page 37 2.1 Introduction......Page 38 2.2 Boundary Conditions for Flow Induced Scale Destruction......Page 40 2.3 Drag Reduction by Surface Active Compounds (SAC)......Page 45 2.4 Generation of Data of the Fracture Mechanics Properties of Corrosion Product Scales, Demonstrated for Iron Carbonate Scales from CO2 Corrosion of Steel......Page 50 2.5 Critical Wall Shear Stresses for FILC Initiation......Page 58 2.6 Summary......Page 61 References......Page 63 Part II. Carbon and Low Alloy Steels......Page 66 3.1 Introduction......Page 67 3.2 Consequences......Page 68 3.3 Likelihood......Page 69 3.5 Conclusions......Page 73 References......Page 74 4.2 Experimental......Page 75 4.3 Results......Page 76 4.4 Discussion......Page 78 References......Page 80 5.1 Introduction......Page 82 5.2 Experimental......Page 83 5.3 Results......Page 84 5.4 Discussion......Page 85 5.6 Acknowledgements......Page 87 References......Page 88 6.1 Introduction......Page 89 6.2 Extracts from Literature Survey of CO2 Weld Corrosion......Page 90 6.3 Results and Discussion of the Metallographic Investigations......Page 91 References......Page 94 7.1 Introduction......Page 96 7.2 Materials and Mechanical Test Results......Page 97 7.3 Corrosion Test Results......Page 100 References......Page 104 8.1 Introduction......Page 105 8.2 Experimental......Page 106 8.3 Results and Discussion......Page 107 References......Page 116 9.2 Experimental......Page 117 9.3 Results......Page 120 9.4 Discussion......Page 122 9.5 Conclusions......Page 124 References......Page 125 10.1 Introduction......Page 126 10.3 Results......Page 127 10.4 Discussion......Page 129 References......Page 131 11.1 Introduction......Page 132 11.2 Experimental......Page 133 11.3 Results and Discussion......Page 135 11.4 Conclusions......Page 137 References......Page 138 12.1 Introduction......Page 139 12.2 Experimental Procedure......Page 140 12.3 Results......Page 141 12.4 Discussion......Page 143 12.5 Conclusions......Page 145 References......Page 146 13.1 Introduction......Page 147 13.2 Experimental......Page 148 13.3 Results and Discussion......Page 149 References......Page 151 14.1 Introduction......Page 153 14.2 Materials for Coiled Tubing......Page 154 14.4 Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance......Page 156 14.5 Hydrogen Induced Cracking Resistance......Page 158 References......Page 159 15.1 Introduction and Overview......Page 161 15.3 Composite Coiled Tubing......Page 163 15.5 Externally Coated Coiled Tubing......Page 164 15.6 Conclusions......Page 165 References......Page 166 16.1 Introduction......Page 167 16.2 Metallurgical Factors......Page 170 16.3 Weldment Corrosion......Page 171 16.4 Measurement Procedures......Page 174 16.5 Improving the Capability to Predict Preferential Corrosion......Page 175 16.6 Conclusions......Page 178 References......Page 180 17.1 Introduction......Page 182 17.2 Flow Effects in Multiphase Systems: Background......Page 183 17.3 Modelling Horizontal and Vertical Flow in Multiphase Systems......Page 185 17.4 Experimental Set-up......Page 189 17.6 Conclusions......Page 190 References......Page 191 18.1 Introduction......Page 192 18.3 Laboratory Investigation......Page 193 18.4 Discussion......Page 197 References......Page 199 19.1 Introduction......Page 200 19.2 Experimental......Page 201 19.3 Results and Discussion......Page 203 19.4 Conclusion......Page 208 References......Page 209 20.1 Introduction......Page 210 20.2 Experimental Procedure......Page 211 20.3 Experimental Results and Discussion......Page 213 20.4 Conclusion......Page 220 References......Page 221 21.1 Introduction......Page 222 21.2 Strategy......Page 223 21.4 Methods of Calculating the Corrosion Related Parameters......Page 224 21.5 Selection of a CO 2 Corrosion Model......Page 225 21.7 Examples of Application......Page 226 21.8 Conclusions......Page 227 References......Page 228 Part III. Martensitic Stainless Steels......Page 229 22.1 Introduction......Page 230 22.2 Experimental......Page 231 22.3 Results and Discussion......Page 234 22.4 Conclusions......Page 240 References......Page 241 23.1 Introduction......Page 242 23.2 Development of 11Cr and 12Cr Steel Pipes......Page 243 23.3 CO 2 Corrosion Resistance......Page 245 23.4 SSC Resistance......Page 247 23.5 Resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement under Cathodic Protection......Page 249 23.6 Conclusions......Page 251 References......Page 252 24.2 Features of the New Material......Page 253 24.4 Corrosion Properties and Application Limits......Page 254 24.5 Conclusions......Page 258 References......Page 259 25.1 Introduction......Page 260 25.3 Steel and Plate Manufacturing......Page 261 25.4 Pipe Making and Seam Welding......Page 263 25.5 Fittings......Page 264 25.6 Flanges*......Page 265 25.8 Girth Welding......Page 266 25.9 Toughness Assessment......Page 267 25.12 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 268 26.1 Introduction......Page 270 26.3 History of Bundles at Wester Site......Page 271 26.4 13% Chromium Stainless Steel Pipelines......Page 273 26.6 Inner Bundle Fabrication Methods......Page 274 26.7 Welding Procedure Specification......Page 275 26.9 Future Work......Page 276 References......Page 277 27.1 Introduction......Page 278 27.2 Experimental......Page 279 27.3 Results and Discussion......Page 281 References......Page 284 28.1 Introduction......Page 285 28.3 Results and Discussion......Page 286 28.4 Conclusions......Page 293 References......Page 296 29.1. Introduction......Page 297 29.2 Experimental......Page 299 29.3 Results......Page 300 29.4 Conclusions......Page 311 References......Page 313 30.1 Introduction......Page 315 30.2 Test Procedure......Page 316 30.3 Results......Page 318 30.4 Conclusions......Page 323 References......Page 324 31.1 Introduction......Page 325 31.2 Experimental......Page 326 31.3 Results and Discussion......Page 328 References......Page 331 32.2 Experimental......Page 333 32.3 Results......Page 334 32.4 Discussion......Page 338 32.5 Conclusions......Page 340 32.6 Acknowledgements......Page 341 References......Page 342 33.1 Introduction......Page 343 33.2 Parameters Affecting 13Cr Performance......Page 344 References......Page 349 Part IV. Corrosion Resistant Alloys......Page 351 34.1 Introduction......Page 352 34.2 Experimental......Page 353 34.3 Results and Discussion......Page 355 34.4 Conclusions......Page 359 References......Page 360 35.1 Introduction......Page 361 35.2 Data Review......Page 362 35.3 Summary......Page 365 References......Page 366 36.1 Introduction......Page 367 36.3 Results and Discussion......Page 368 References......Page 371 37.2 Experimental......Page 372 37.3 Results and Discussion......Page 373 37.4 Conclusions......Page 374 References......Page 375 Part V. Galvanic Corrosion......Page 376 38.1 Introduction......Page 377 38.4 Micro-Galvanic Protection of Titanium against Crevice Corrosion......Page 381 38.7 Effect of Chlorination......Page 382 38.10 Effect of Sulfides......Page 383 38.12 Summary......Page 385 References......Page 386 39.1 Introduction......Page 387 39.3 Results and Discussion......Page 388 39.5 Acknowledgements......Page 392 References......Page 393 40.2 Experimental Procedure......Page 394 40.3 Results and Discussions......Page 396 Appendix......Page 404 Part VI. Corrosion Inhibitors......Page 406 41.1 Introduction......Page 407 41.2 Experimental......Page 408 41.3 Results and Discussion......Page 409 References......Page 415 42.1 Introduction......Page 416 42.3 Results and Discussion......Page 417 42.4 Molecular Modelling......Page 420 References......Page 422 43.2 Experimental......Page 423 43.3 Results and Discussion......Page 424 43.4 Conclusions......Page 428 References......Page 429 44.1 Introduction......Page 430 44.2 Field Corrosion Inhibitor Optimisation......Page 431 44.4 Advantages of Thin Element Probes......Page 432 44.5 Summary of Inhibitor Trial......Page 433 44.6 Conclusions......Page 435 45.1 Introduction......Page 436 45.3 Discussion of Results......Page 437 45.4 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 441 References......Page 442 Part VII. Non-Metallics......Page 444 46.1 Introduction......Page 445 46.2 Qualification Procedures and Design Standards......Page 446 46.3 Experience with the Installation of an 8 in. GRE Water Injection Pipeline......Page 448 46.4 Experience with the Installation of a 6 in. GRE Gas Pipeline......Page 450 46.5 Microstructural Characterisation......Page 452 46.6 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 455 References......Page 456 47.1 Introduction......Page 457 47.3 Results and Discussion......Page 458 47.4 Conclusions......Page 462 References......Page 463 List of Abbreviations......Page 464 C......Page 466 H......Page 468 M......Page 469 R......Page 470 T......Page 471 W......Page 472 These papers from two recent European Federation of Corrosion conferences, EURCORR '97 and EURCORR '98, deal with advances in the understanding of corrosion and performance of equipment in upstream oil and gas operations. The opening section includes two keynote papers the materials and corrosion view of wet gas transportation; and the modelling of low induced localised corrosion from critical hydrodynamic data and fracture mechanics data of CO2 corrosion scales. The further 45 papers cover carbon and low alloy steels, martensitic stainless steels, corrosion resistant alloys, galvanic corrosion, corrosion inhibitors and other materials.