Advances in civil engineering materials : selected articles from the 6th International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ICACE2022), August 2022, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

This book presents selected articles from the 6th International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering 2022 (ICACE 2022), held in Malaysia. Written by leading researchers and industry professionals, the papers highlight recent advances and addresses current issues in the fields of civil engineering and architecture. Preface Contents Damping Design Approach Based on the Damping Performance Curve of Structural Additional Viscosity 1 Introduction 2 The Method 2.1 The Performance Curve of Energy Dissipation System with Additional Viscous Damping 2.2 Calculation Steps 3 Calculation Process of Additional Viscous Damping 3.1 Calculation Model 3.2 The Calculation Process of the Model 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Assessment of Indoor Thermal Condition on Traditional Vernacular Masjid: A Case Study on Masjid Kampung Laut, Malaysia 1 Introduction 1.1 Current Masjid Issue 1.2 Masjid Kampung Laut 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Field Measurement 2.2 Outdoor Measurement 2.3 Indoor Measurement 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Outdoor Performance 3.2 Indoor Performance 3.3 Olgyay’s Bioclimatic Chart 4 Conclusion References Scopes of Work in Property Management Services: Perspective and Performance of Residential Property Managers 1 Introduction 2 Property Management in Residential Buildings 3 Scopes of Work in Residential Property Management 4 Research Method 5 Findings and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Cold-Formed Steel Structure for Mid-Rise Residential Building: A Literature Review 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Methodology 3.1 Cold-Formed Steel Structure Design 4 Research Gap 5 Conclusion References Evaluation of Water Hyacinth Ash, Extract, and Fiber in Concrete: A Literature Review 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Experimental Investigation 4 Effect of Water Hyacinth Ash, Extract, and Fiber to Water Absorption, Compressive Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, and Chloride Resistance of Concrete 5 Structural Applications 6 Conclusion References Reinforced Concrete Beam–Column Joint: A Review of Its Cyclic Behavior 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Beam–Column Joint Mechanism 4 Design Provisions on RC Beam–Column Joints 4.1 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code 4.2 New Zealand Standard Code 4.3 Eurocode 5 Beam–Column Joint Behavior on Cyclic Loads 5.1 Crack Patterns 5.2 Energy Dissipation 5.3 Bond Behavior 5.4 Strength and Stiffness Degradation 6 Design Code Assessment 7 Challenges and Limitations 8 Conclusions References Challenges Faced by Students in Online Architectural Design Studio During COVID-19 Pandemic: Universities in Sarawak 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Method 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Distance Between Students’ House and the City Area 4.2 Infrastructure 4.3 Digital Competency 4.4 Efficiency in Doing Studio Projects in the Home Environment 4.5 Remote Site Analysis and the Difficulties in Collecting Data 4.6 Students’ Perception of the Effectiveness of Online Teaching 4.7 Discussion and Conclusion References Covered Pedestrian Streets in Kuala Lumpur Heritage Enclaves: Public Perception 1 Introduction 1.1 History and Theory of Pedestrian Street 1.2 Community of Melaka and Conservation 2 Methodology 2.1 Observation Method 2.2 Questionnaire Survey 3 Findings and Discussion 3.1 Case Study: Petaling Street (Observation) 3.2 Case Study Kasturi Walk 3.3 Case Study: Petaling Street and Kasturi Walk (Questionnaire Survey) 3.4 Survey Findings 3.5 Relevancy of Roofing Structure 4 Design Factor of Roofing Structure 5 Conclusion and Recommendation References Sponge Town: Addressing Water Crisis for Future Urban Development in Malaysia 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Findings from Interview 6 Conclusion References BIM as the New Sustainable Design-Construction Manager: Case Study of ALN Building Project Experience 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Project History 4 Interview with Markus Neuber–CEO and Project Leader in ALN 4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Project Working Within BIM 3D? 4.2 Design Experience of the N188b Project? 4.3 Quality Experience of the Project Within 3D BIM Software? 4.4 The Team Involved, How Many Team Members Were Involved in the N188b Project? 4.5 Design, Are You Happy with the Design? Do You Think that if the Project Was Designed with 2D Software It Would Have Had the Same Features as the BIM 3D Design? 4.6 Do You Think that the Same Project Design Would Have Been Managed with 2D Software Within the Same Period of Time? 4.7 Ability to Change the Design, Did You Have Problems in Finding the Final Design? 4.8 Working with other Engineering/Architectural Companies. How was the relation and communication with other project participants as, e.g., the construction company (Brandl Bau) and the client during the Design Phase? 4.9 Ability to Work Within Building Construction Chain. Do You Think You Managed the Shifting from the Planning Side to the Building Construction Well? 5 Conclusion References Mosque Institution and Building: Evaluating Sustainable Space, Function, Program, and Activities 1 Introduction 2 Activities Concerning Mosque Form Historical Precedence 3 Inclusiveness of the Mosque’s Program 4 Methodology 5 Functional Requirement of Mosque in Contemporary Muslim Societies 6 Findings and Discussion 7 Compilation of Recorded Activities 8 Conclusion References Integration of Design and Theory Courses in Architecture Learning for Introductory-Level Students 1 Introduction to Architecture Studies 2 Architectural Courses 2.1 Architecture Design Course 2.2 Architectural Courses Problem and Approach 3 Methodology 4 Findings 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Students’ Engagement in Virtual Learning of Heritage Building During the Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review Students’ Engagement in Learning 2.1 Architecture Measured Drawing 3 Methodology and the Approach 4 Finding and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Towards the Betterment of Workers’ Quarters Within Construction Site in Light of Covid-19 Pandemic: Case Study of Workers’ Quarters in Kuching City South, Sarawak 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Method 4 Case Study 4.1 Construction Site A 4.2 Construction Site B 4.3 Construction Site B 5 Conclusion References An Improved Monthly Oil Palm Yield Predictive Model in Malaysia 1 Introduction 2 The Fresh Fruit Bunch Index (FFBI) Model 2.1 Correlation Test Between Malaysian Oil Palm Yields and Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) 2.2 Time Series Forecasting 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Review of Aesthetic Components in ‘Sponge City’: Toward Sustainable Urban Stormwater Management 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement and Objectives 3 Development of Sponge City 4 Aesthetic Components of Sponge City 5 Conclusion References Drones and Architectural Visualization: Exploring Building (Re)Presentation Through Thermal Patterns Data 1 Introduction 1.1 Drones and Architectural Visualization 2 Methodology 2.1 Pre-Flight Procedure 2.2 Picturing Flight Mapping 2.3 Post-Flight 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions and Future Directions References Employment of Foreign Workers at Construction Industry in Malaysia—A Review 1 Introductory Background 2 Problem Statement 3 Malaysia Economic Condition 4 Malaysian Construction Sector 5 Problems in Malaysian Construction Sector 5.1 Labour Shortage in Construction Industry 5.2 Low Efficiency and Productivity 6 Employment in Malaysia 7 Foreign Workers in Malaysia 7.1 Factors of Employing Foreign Workers 7.2 Problems of Employing Foreign Workers 8 Conclusion References Application of Jointless Bridges in China 1 Introduction 2 Evolution 3 Types of Jointless Bridges 3.1 Introduction of Jointless Bridge Types 3.2 Application of Various Types in China 4 Length of Jointless Bridge 5 Structure of Jointless Bridge 5.1 Superstructure 5.2 Substructure 5.3 Connections Between Superstructure and Substructure 5.4 Approach Slabs and Seamless Bridges 6 Last Remarks References The Composite of MPCM and Building Materials and Its Application in Building Walls: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Characteristics and Performance of MPCM 3 The Composite Method and Application of MPCM and Building Materials 3.1 Composite of MPCM and Concrete Wall 3.2 Composite of MPCM and Gypsum Wall 3.3 Composite of MPCM and Brick Wall 4 Conclusion References The Hospitality Mechanisms of Traditional Indonesian Houses: A Systematic Literature Review 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Earthquake Structure 3.2 Changes of Function 3.3 Social Status 3.4 Zoning 3.5 Gender-Based and Islamic Values Influence 4 Conclusion References Recent Application and Development of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Arch Bridges in China 1 Introduction 2 General Characteristics 2.1 Number of CFST Arch Bridges 2.2 Span 3 Structural Systems 3.1 Application 3.2 Distribution of Span Lengths 4 Sectional Forms, Materials, Rise-To-Span Ratio, and Arch Axis Shape for Arch Ribs 4.1 Cross-Sectional Forms 4.2 Materials 4.3 Rise-To-Span Ratio and Arch Axis 5 Construction Methods 6 Case Studies 6.1 Hejiang Yangtze River Highway Bridge 6.2 Third Pingnan Bridge 7 Concluding Remarks References Application of Melan Arch Bridges in China 1 Introduction 2 Development Process of Melan Arch Bridges in China 2.1 First Stage—Using Weak Arch Truss as Embedded Framework 2.2 Second Stage—Using Normal CFST Arch Truss as Embedded Framework 2.3 Third Stage—Using Stiff CFST Arch Truss as Embedded Framework 2.4 Application Summary of Melan Method in China 3 Application Status and Prospects 3.1 Usage 3.2 Regional Distribution 3.3 Structural Types, Rise-To-Span Ratio and Arch Axis Shape 3.4 Prospect 4 Case Studies 4.1 Xining River Bridge in Sichuan 4.2 Longtan Bridge in Guangxi 5 Conclusions References Finite Element Analysis of Group Studs in Steel-UHPC Composite Slab 1 Introduction 2 FE Model 3 FE Model Verification 3.1 Overview of Push-Out Tests and Model 3.2 Load–Slip Curve 3.3 Failure Mode 3.4 Interaction Between Stud and UHPC 4 Parametric Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Stud Diameter 4.2 Stud Spacing 4.3 Coefficient of Group Stud Effect 5 Conclusion References Identifying the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Customer’s Demographic and Traveling Pattern 1 Introduction 2 Sampling Techniques, Sample Size and Questionnaire Development 2.1 Section 1—Demographic Analysis 2.2 Section 2—Travel Pattern 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Descriptive Analysis 3.2 Cluster Analysis (CA)—Age-Based Study 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Descriptive Analysis 4.2 Cluster Analysis (CA)—Age-Based Study 5 Conclusions References Assessing the Impact of Quality of Service (QOS) Toward Urban Bus Performance in Perlis 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Study Area 3 Results 3.1 Service Hours 3.2 Passenger Load 3.3 On Time Performance 3.4 Service Frequency 3.5 Overall Quality of Service 4 Conclusion References Assessing the Passenger Load of Urban Bus Performance in Eastern Region Malaysia Peninsular 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Quality of Service (QOS) 2.3 Passenger Load 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Summary of Passenger Load 3.2 Kota Bahru 3.3 Kuala Terengganu 3.4 Kuantan 3.5 Quality of Service (QOS) 4 Conclusion References Study on Performance of UHPC with Curvilinear Steel Fibers 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials’ Composition and Proportions 2.2 Mixing of UHPC Constituents 2.3 Mechanical Testing 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Fresh UHPC Properties 3.2 Compressive Strength 3.3 Flexural Strength 3.4 Finite Element Analysis of Flexural Test 4 Conclusion References Properties of Cement-Coated Brick Aggregate Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Design 2.1 Materials 2.2 Properties of Coarse Aggregates and Mix Proportion 2.3 Specimens and Tests 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Workability 3.2 Hardened Density 3.3 Water Absorption 3.4 Compressive Strength 3.5 Splitting Tensile Strength 4 Conclusions References Courtyard’ Design as a Sustainable Tool for Classrooms’ Lighting and Thermal Performance 1 Introduction 1.1 Courtyard Ratios and Thermal Performance 1.2 Courtyard and Lighting 2 Methodology 2.1 Case Study Features and Climate 2.2 Case Study Simulation Characteristics and Scenarios 3 Discussion and Results 3.1 Illuminance Analysis 3.2 Thermal Analysis 3.3 Temperature and Air Pressure Inside the Investigation Room–Natural Ventilation 4 Conclusion References Decoding Morphological Evolution of Urban Historical Area Case from Laomendong, Nanjing 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Case Study 3.1 Morphological Analysis 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Characteristics of Cabin Design for Female-Friendly Car 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Driver Behavior of Men and Women 2.2 Car Cabin Design for Women 3 Methodology 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Websites that Mentioned About Women Drivers 5 Discussion and Conclusion 5.1 Existing Car Models that Represent the FFC 5.2 Interior Design for Cabin for FFC 5.3 Safety Features for FFC 6 Conclusion References Study on the Mechanism of Soil–Steel H-pile Interaction in Integral Abutment Jointless Bridges 1 Introduction 2 Test Description 2.1 Specimen Detail 2.2 Test Set-Up 2.3 Layout of Linear Variable Displacement Transducers (LVDTs) 2.4 Loading Protocol 3 Experimental Results 3.1 Comparison of Horizontal Deformation of Pile Body 3.2 Hysteresis Curve 3.3 Energy Consumption Curve 3.4 Skeleton Curve 4 Conclusions References Parametric Study on RHS Truss Girder Design to Eurocode 3 with Various Truss Spans and Steel Grades 1 Introduction 2 Typical Truss Structure 3 Truss Analysis and Design 4 Parametric Study Using Different Girder Span and Steel Grade 5 Conclusions References Compression Resistance of Short Cold-Formed Lipped C Channel Section with Web Stiffening 1 Introduction 2 Design of Cold-Formed Steel Member Using Eurocode 3 3 Axial Compression Test on Short Cold-Formed Lipped C-Section 4 Failure Mode of Test Specimen 5 Comparison Between Theoretical and Experimental Result 6 Effects of Web Stiffening to Compression Resistance 7 Conclusions References Compressive Strength of Bio-Fibrous Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Materials and Method 2.1 Aggregates and Cement 2.2 Microorganisms 2.3 Kenaf Fibre 2.4 Mix Proportion and Test Specimens 2.5 Compressive Test 3 Results 3.1 Effect of W/C on Compressive Strength 3.2 Effect of Kenaf Fibre on Compressive Strength 4 Conclusions References Challenges of Maintaining National Heritage Anglican Churches in Malaysia—A Perspective from Building Custodians 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Semi-structured Interviews 2.2 Data Analysis 3 Findings 4 Conclusions References Impact of Metakaolin, Micro-silica, and Colloidal Nano-silica on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Cement Mortar 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Compressive Strength Development of Mortar Samples w.r.t Aging 3.2 SEM with BSE Imaging and EDS Analysis 4 Conclusion References The Unresolved Design Issues in Malaysian Prefabricated Housing and Their Corrective Steps 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion; Design Issues in Prefabricated Housing 4.1 Insufficient of M&E Requirements 4.2 Miss Match Design 4.3 Errors During Converting the Original Design into Prefabricated Design 5 Results and Discussion; Steps to Overcome the Design Issues in Prefabricated Housing 5.1 Detail Process on Drawing Checks 5.2 Longer Duration for Design Stage 5.3 No Re-design or Conversion of Design 6 Conclusion References Spatial Empirical Analysis on Urban Dwellers’ Human Development Index in North Sulawesi, Indonesia 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methods 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Effects of Microclimate and Public Perceptions on Outdoor Thermal Sensation in the Dense Area of Jakarta 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Microclimatic Measurements 2.2 Study Area and Questionnaire Survey 2.3 OLR Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Descriptive Analysis 3.2 One-Way ANOVA Test 3.3 Prediction of TSV 4 Conclusion References Advances of Mass Rapid Transit’s Facilities in ASEAN Cities: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Observation and Discussions 3.1 Facilities Provided by Different MRT Stations 3.2 Comparison of Overall Facilities of MRT System 3.3 Comparison of Station Elements 4 Conclusions References