Advances in bioremediation and phytoremediation for sustainable soil management : principles, monitoring and remediation

This edited volume deals with the understanding of the issues concerned with the pollution caused by toxic elements and heavy metals and their impacts on the different agro-ecosystems as well as the techniques involved in sustainable remediation and amelioration of polluted soils. Furthermore, the book is a detailed comprehensive account for the treatment technologies from unsustainable to sustainable which includes chapters prepared by professionals with expertise in environmental microbiology, biotechnology, bioremediation, and environmental engineering. It focuses on the characterization, reclamation, bioremediation, and phytoremediation of polluted soils. The research presented also highlights some of the significantly important plant and microbial species involved in remediation, the physiology, biochemistry, and the mechanisms of remediation by various plants and microbes, and suggestions for future improvement of bioremediation technology. It offers insights into the current focus and recent advances in bioremediation and green technology applications for sustainable soil management. Preface Contents Editor and Contributors 1 Bioremediation of Soil: An Overview Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of Bioremediation 1.3 Sources of Soil Contaminants 1.3.1 Biological Contaminants 1.3.2 Organic Contaminants 1.3.3 Inorganic Contaminants 1.4 Factors Affecting Bioremediation 1.4.1 Biological Factors 1.4.2 Environmental Factors 1.4.3 Availability of Nutrients 1.4.4 Temperature 1.4.5 Concentration of Oxygen 1.4.6 Moisture Content 1.4.7 PH 1.4.8 Site Characterization and Selection 1.4.9 Metal Ions 1.4.9.1 Toxic Compounds 1.5 Bioremediation Strategies 1.5.1 Ex situ Bioremediation 1.5.1.1 Biopiling 1.5.1.2 Landfarming 1.5.1.3 Bioreactors 1.5.1.4 Biofilters 1.5.2 In Situ Bioremediation 1.5.2.1 Intrinsic in Situ Bioremediation 1.5.2.2 Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation 1.6 Advantages of Bioremediation 1.7 Disadvantages of Bioremediation 1.8 Phytoremediation 1.8.1 Phytoextraction 1.8.2 Phytodegradation or Rhizodegradation 1.8.3 Phytostabilization 1.8.4 Phytotransformation 1.8.5 Rhizofiltration 1.9 Conclusion References 2 Current Soil Bioremediation Technologies: An Assessment Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Major Soil Pollutants, Their Sources and Toxicity Effects 2.3 Bioremediation: Technique and Affecting Environmental Factors 2.4 Classification of Bioremediation 2.4.1 In Situ Bioremediation 2.4.1.1 Bioventing 2.4.1.2 Bioslurping 2.4.1.3 Biosparging 2.4.1.4 Phytoremediation 2.4.1.5 Ex situ Bioremediation 2.4.1.6 Biopile and Windrows 2.4.1.7 Bioreactors 2.4.1.8 Landfarming 2.5 Future Prospects 2.6 Conclusion References 3 Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals: Techniques and Strategies Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Existence of HMs in Agroecosystems 3.2.1 Natural Sources 3.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources 3.3 Phytoremediation Strategies for Heavy Metal Remediation 3.3.1 Ideal Plants for Phytoremediation 3.3.2 Traditional or Conventional Techniques 3.3.2.1 Phytostabilization 3.3.2.2 Phytovolatilization 3.3.2.3 Phytoextraction 3.3.2.4 Phytomining 3.3.3 Modified Techniques for Phytoremediation of HMs 3.3.3.1 Limitations of Conventional Phytoremediation Technique 3.3.3.2 Chemical Assisted Phytoremediation with Non–hyperaccumulator Plants 3.3.3.3 Genetic Engineering for Phytoremediation 3.3.3.4 Biochar Assisted Method of Phytoremediation 3.3.3.5 Phytoremediation Assisted by Microbial Community 3.4 Rhizoremediation 3.5 Phytodegradation 3.6 Benefits and Limitations of Phytoremediation 3.7 Conclusion References 4 Bioremediation of Polluted Aquatic Ecosystems Using Macrophytes Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Macrophytes 4.3 Phytoremediation Through Macrophytes 4.3.1 Textile Industry Dyes 4.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 4.3.3 Nitrate and Phosphorus 4.3.4 Heavy Metals 4.3.4.1 Chromium 4.3.4.2 Cadmium 4.3.4.3 Lead (Pb) 4.3.4.4 Uranium (U) 4.3.4.5 Arsenic (As) 4.3.5 Pharmaceuticals 4.3.6 Pesticides 4.3.7 Phenols 4.3.8 Sewage 4.4 Conclusion References 5 Bioremediation of Salt-Affected Soil Through Plant-Based Strategies Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Soil salinity—A Threat to Biodiversity of Earth 5.3 Soil Salinity and Plants: Effects of Saline Contamination and Response 5.4 Salt Elimination from Soil 5.5 Cultivating Suitable Plant Species 5.5.1 Enhanced Calcium Levels in Soil Solution 5.5.2 Exploiting Plant Roots’ Potential to Enhance Dissolution 5.5.3 Sodium Removal Through Soil-Cation Exchanger 5.5.4 Remove Salt by Natural Leaching 5.5.5 Plants-Microbe Association Mediated Remediation 5.6 Improvement in Soil Fertility 5.7 Selection of Plants for Phytoremediation 5.8 Advantages of Using Phytoremediation for Saline Soil Amendments 5.9 Limitations of Using Phytoremediation for Saline Soil Amendments 5.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects Acknowledgements References 6 Bioremediation of Waste Dumping Sites Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 How Waste is Produced? 6.3 Importance of Waste Dumping Sites 6.4 Waste Remediation Strategies 6.5 Health Issues Associated with Waste Treatment 6.6 Categorization of Waste Materials 6.7 Municipal Waste—Segregation 6.7.1 Recyclable Dry Waste 6.7.2 Organic Fraction 6.7.3 Inert Debris 6.7.4 Hazardous Wastes 6.8 Bioremediation 6.9 Bioremediation Principles 6.10 Different Factors Affecting the Bioremediation Process at the Waste Dumping Sites 6.10.1 Environmental Factors 6.10.1.1 Nutrients 6.10.1.2 Environmental Requirements 6.10.2 Microbial Factors 6.10.2.1 Aerobic 6.10.2.2 Anaerobic 6.11 Types of Bioremediation Strategies at the Waste Dumping Sites 6.11.1 Composting 6.11.2 Bioventing 6.11.3 Biosparging 6.11.4 Bioreactors 6.12 Municipal Solid Waste—Operation Methods 6.12.1 Waste Generation 6.12.2 Waste Handling, Generation, Storage, and Processing at the Source 6.12.3 Collection 6.12.4 Separation, Processing, and Transformation of Solid Wastes 6.12.5 Transfer and Transport 6.12.6 Disposal 6.13 Techniques Adopted for the Bioremediation of Different Types of Wastes 6.13.1 Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons 6.13.2 Bioremediation of Plastics 6.13.3 Bioremediation of Food Wastes 6.14 Scope of the Bioremediation Process at the Waste Dumping Sites References 7 Plant-Based Bioadsorbents: An Eco-friendly Option for Decontamination of Heavy Metals from Soil Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Causes for Heavy Metal Contamination 7.3 Status of Heavy Metal Toxification in India 7.4 Technologies Employed to Decontaminate Heavy Metals 7.5 Mechanisms of Biosorption Process 7.5.1 Complexation 7.5.2 Chelation 7.5.3 Coordination 7.5.4 Ion Exchange 7.5.5 Precipitation 7.5.6 Reduction 7.6 Factors Affecting Bioadsorption 7.6.1 Effect of pH 7.6.2 Effect of Temperature 7.6.3 Effect of Contact Time 7.6.4 Effect of Metal Ion Concentration 7.6.5 Effect of Adsorbent Quantity 7.7 Low-cost Effective Technologies Using Plant-based Bioadsorbents to Decontaminate Heavy Metals 7.8 Conclusion References 8 Aquatic Plants in Phytoextraction of Hexavalent Chromium and Other Metals from Electroplating Effluents Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hexavalent Chromium and Soil Contamination 8.3 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from Industrial Effluents 8.4 Aquatic Plants in Phytoremediation 8.4.1 Types of Aquatic Plants and Their Role in Heavy Metal Remediation 8.4.1.1 Free-Floating Plants 8.4.1.2 Submerged Aquatic Plants 8.4.1.3 Emergent Aquatic Plants 8.5 Constructed Wetlands-Aquatic Plants 8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects References 9 Phytoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Areas Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Modus Operandi of Remediation Types and PAH 9.2.1 Remediation and Its Types 9.3 Phytoremediation and Its Techniques 9.3.1 Phytoextraction 9.3.2 Phytostabilization 9.3.3 Rhizofiltration 9.3.4 Phytovolatilization 9.3.5 Phytodegradation 9.4 Environmental Prevalence of PAH 9.4.1 Ecotoxic Effects of PAH and Their Subsidiaries-PAH Toxicity 9.4.2 Health Hazards Induced by PAH—Acute and Chronic Terms 9.4.3 Genotoxicity and Teratogenicity of PAHs 9.5 Potential Possibilities of Phytoremediation of PAHs 9.5.1 Ecopiling 9.5.2 Methodologies for PAHs Estimation 9.6 Conclusion 9.7 Future Perspectives References 10 Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Petroleum Pollutants: Nemesis and Composition 10.3 Analysis of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils 10.4 Treatment Methods 10.4.1 Physico-Chemical Remediation 10.4.2 Biological Remediation 10.5 Factors Influencing Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Bioremediation 10.5.1 Temperature 10.5.2 Nutrients 10.5.3 Bioavailability and Biosurfactants 10.5.3.1 Bioavailability 10.5.3.2 Biosurfactants 10.5.3.3 Oxygen Content and Movement 10.5.3.4 Ecological Toxicity 10.6 Petroleum Bioremediation Using Microorganism and Mechanism 10.6.1 Bacteria and Archaea 10.6.1.1 Mechanism of Action 10.6.2 Fungi 10.6.2.1 Mechanism of Action 10.6.3 Microalgae 10.6.3.1 Mechanism of Action 10.7 Limitation of Bioremediation 10.8 Recent Advances and Rising Technologies 10.9 Conclusion References 11 Phytoremediation of Radioactive Contaminated Sites Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sources of Radioactive Substances 11.3 Major Radioactive Substances 11.4 Exposure Pathway of Radioactive Substances 11.5 Impact of Radioactive Substances on Ecosystem 11.6 Remediation Techniques 11.6.1 Phytoremediation 11.6.1.1 Plants Used for the Phytoremediation of Radioactive Substances 11.6.1.2 Mechanism of Radioactive Substances Uptake in Plants 11.7 Conclusions References 12 Willows: Cost-Effective Tools for Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Distribution of Salix Species Around the World 12.3 Economic Importance of Willows 12.4 Bioremediation 12.5 Phytoremediation 12.6 Salix: A Potential Candidate for Bioremediation 12.7 Salix Root and Soil Microorganisms 12.8 Physiological Response of Willows to Contaminants 12.9 Salix in Remediation of Sewage Sludge and Leachate 12.10 Salix and Organic Pollutants 12.11 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals by Salix Species 12.12 Limitations in Using Salix for Bioremediation 12.13 Conclusion References 13 Bioremediation of Arsenic Contaminated Soil Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Sources of Arsenic 13.2.1 Natural Source of Arsenic 13.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Arsenic 13.2.3 Arsenic in the Food Chain 13.3 Bioremediation of Arsenic 13.4 Phytoremediation of Arsenic 13.5 Mycoremediation 13.6 Phycoremediation 13.7 Phytobial Remediation 13.8 Metagenomics and Bioremediation of Arsenic 13.9 Conclusion References 14 Bioremediation and Detoxification of Asbestos from Soil Abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Asbestos Toxicity 14.2.1 Mechanism of Toxicity 14.3 Risks with Asbestos: Environmental and Health Risks 14.3.1 Environmental Risks 14.3.2 Health Risks 14.4 Asbestos Cleaning Strategies 14.4.1 Physical Methods of Remediation 14.4.2 Chemical Treatment of Asbestos 14.4.3 Bioremediation of Asbestos 14.4.4 Phytoremediation of Asbestos 14.5 Substitution of Asbestos 14.6 Laws and Regulations for Usage of Asbestos 14.7 Conclusion 14.8 Future Prospects References 15 Chromium Contamination in Soil and Its Bioremediation: An Overview Abstract 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Methodology 15.3 General Chemistry of Chromium 15.4 Chromium in Environment 15.5 Speciation of Chromium in Soil 15.5.1 Impact of Soil pH on Chromium Speciation 15.5.2 Impact of Soil Eh or Redox Potential on Chromium Speciation 15.5.3 Impact of Soil Organic Content on Chromium Speciation 15.5.4 Impact of Soil Microbial Diversity on Chromium Speciation 15.6 Biological Importance of Chromium 15.7 Toxicity of Chromium 15.7.1 Toxicity in Plants 15.7.2 Toxicity to Animals 15.7.3 Toxicity to Humans 15.8 Bioremediation of Chromium 15.8.1 Microbial Remediation of Chromium 15.8.1.1 Use of Bacteria and Algae in Chromium Remediation Biosorption Bioaccumulation Biotransformation Bioprecipitation Bioaugmentation Biostimulation 15.8.1.2 Use of Fungi in Chromium Remediation Phytoremediation Phytoextraction Phytovolatilization Rhizofiltration Phytodetoxification Phytostabilization 15.9 Future Scope of Research 15.10 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 16 Heavy Metal Detection in Soil and Its Treatment (Bioremediation) with Nanomaterials Abstract 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Heavy Metal Pollution and Detection Techniques 16.3 Nanoparticles and Their Phenomenal Properties 16.4 Nanomaterials: A Remedy 16.5 Why Nanomaterials? 16.6 Bio-nanocomposites 16.7 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Nanomaterials 16.7.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 16.7.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes 16.7.1.2 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 16.7.2 Silica-Based Nanomaterials 16.7.3 Zerovalent Metal-Based Nanomaterials 16.7.4 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials 16.7.5 Nanocomposites 16.7.5.1 Inorganic-Supported Nanocomposites 16.7.5.2 Organic Polymer-Supported Nanocomposites 16.7.5.3 Magnetic Nanocomposites 16.8 Conclusion and Futuristic Trends References 17 Microplastics and Synthetic Polymers in Agricultural Soils: Biodegradation, Analytical Methods and Their Impact on Environment Abstract 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Biodegradation and Plastic Biodegradability 17.2.1 Biodegradation 17.2.2 Plastic Biodegradability 17.3 MPs and SPs 17.3.1 Precise Classification of MPs and SPs 17.3.2 Emission Sources of MPs in Soils 17.4 Exposure Routes of MPs and SPs in Soil 17.5 Biodegradation of MPs and SPs 17.6 Analytical Methods of MPs and SPs in Soils 17.7 Effect of MPs on the Soil Properties, Soil Biota and Plants 17.8 Techniques for Determining the Biodegradability of Polymers 17.9 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of Plastics 17.10 Strategies to Resolve the Question of MPs 17.11 Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Challenges 17.12 Conclusion References 18 Bioremediation of Tannery Effluent Contaminated Soil: A Green Approach Abstract 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Tannery Industrial Process for Leather Production 18.3 Sources of Soil Contamination from Tannery Effluents 18.4 Effects of Chromium from Tannery Effluents 18.4.1 Effects on Ecosystem 18.4.2 Effects on Plant Growth 18.4.3 Effects on Health of Humans and Animals 18.5 Methods to Remove Chromium 18.5.1 Phytoremediation Mechanism of Chromium 18.5.2 Micro-organisms for the Reduction of Chromium 18.5.2.1 Chromium Reduction by Algae 18.6 Chromium and Other Heavy Metal Reduction by Plants 18.6.1 Various Plant Species Used for the Biodegradation of Tannery Effluents 18.6.1.1 Metallophytes 18.7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 19 Production of Safer Vegetables from Heavy Metals Contaminated Soils: The Current Situation, Concerns Associated with Human Health and Novel Management Strategies Abstract 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Soil Pollution with HMs 19.3 Factors Influencing the Mobility and HMs Accumulation in Vegetables 19.3.1 Factors Associated with Vegetables 19.4 Accumulation of HMs in Vegetables 19.5 Toxic Effects of HMs on Vegetables After Their Accumulation 19.6 Human Health After the Exposure to HMs Through the Intake of Contaminated Vegetables 19.7 Prediction of Health Risks Associated with Contaminated Vegetables Through Different Models 19.7.1 Risk Evaluation Theory 19.7.2 Estimating the Daily HMs Intake 19.7.3 Hazard Quotients 19.7.4 Health Risk Index 19.7.5 Carcinogenic Risk 19.8 Management of HMs Contaminated Soils for Safer Vegetable Production 19.8.1 Phytoremediation 19.8.2 Immobilization 19.8.3 Water Management Strategies 19.8.4 Soil Applications of Different Microbial Inocula 19.9 Conclusion and Way Forward References 20 Importance of Vermicomposting and Vermiremediation Technology in the Current Era Abstract 20.1 Introduction 20.1.1 Composting Technology 20.1.2 Vermicomposting and Its Significance 20.1.3 Concept of Vermiremediation 20.2 Vermicomposting 20.2.1 Composition 20.2.2 Vermicultures 20.2.3 Steps Involved 20.2.4 Types of Vermicomposting Systems 20.2.5 Factors Affecting the Vermicomposting Systems 20.2.5.1 Temperature 20.2.5.2 pH 20.2.5.3 Moisture 20.2.5.4 Feed 20.2.5.5 Density 20.2.5.6 Carbon and Nitrogen Ratio 20.2.5.7 Growth and Reproduction Rate 20.2.6 Vermicast, Vermiwash, Vermicomposting Leachate and Vermicompost Tea 20.2.7 Applications 20.2.7.1 Biofertilizers 20.2.7.2 Biogas Production 20.2.7.3 Industrial Waste Treatment 20.2.7.4 Solid Waste Management 20.2.7.5 Terrestrial Weed Management 20.2.7.6 Biological Inactivation of Pathogens and Parasites in Organic Wastes 20.3 Vermiremediation 20.3.1 Process and Mechanisms Involved 20.3.1.1 Nutritional and Dermal Uptake 20.3.1.2 Vermiaccumulation 20.3.1.3 Biotransformation and Vermitransformation 20.3.1.4 Biodegradation and Vermidegradation 20.3.2 Remediation of Organic Pollutants 20.3.3 Remediation of Heavy Metals 20.3.4 Fly Ash Remediation 20.3.5 Advantages and Limitations 20.4 Conclusion and Future Direction References 21 Biological Indicators of Soil Health and Biomonitoring Abstract 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Conventional Approaches for Measuring Soil Pollution 21.3 Soil Pollution and Its Threat for Biodiversity and Food Security 21.4 Potentially Toxic Elements and Pollutants of Soil Ecosystem 21.5 Soil Ecosystem and Diversity of Its Resident Organisms 21.5.1 Sentinel Species 21.5.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 21.5.3 Higher Plants 21.5.4 Special Case of Earthworms: Their Role in Bioremediation and Putative Application as Biomarker 21.5.4.1 Epigeic Earthworms 21.5.4.2 Endogeic Earthworms 21.5.4.3 Anecic Earthworms 21.6 The Concept of Bioindicators 21.7 Biomarkers for Assessment of Soil Pollution 21.7.1 Biomarker Selection for Effective Assessment of Soil Pollution 21.7.2 Classification of Biomarkers 21.7.2.1 Morphological Biomarkers 21.7.2.2 Molecular Biomarkers 21.7.2.3 Alteration in DNA: Genotoxicity Biomarkers 21.7.2.4 Histological and Cytological Biomarkers 21.7.2.5 Behavioral Biomarkers 21.7.2.6 Omics Biomarkers 21.8 Biomarkers for Assessing Soil Pollution, Future Directions, and Limitations 21.9 Conclusion References 22 Molecular Tools for Monitoring and Validating Bioremediation Abstract 22.1 Introduction 22.2 High-Throughput Techniques for Characterisation of Contaminated Sites 22.2.1 Fingerprinting Technique 22.2.1.1 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)/Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE) 22.2.1.2 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) 22.2.1.3 Length Heterogeneity Analysis by PCR (LH-PCR) 22.2.1.4 Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) 22.2.1.5 Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) 22.2.1.6 Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA) 22.2.2 Real-Time PCR 22.2.3 DNA Microarrays 22.2.4 Metagenomics 22.2.4.1 Concept of Metagenomics 22.2.4.2 Metatranscriptomics 22.2.4.3 Metaproteomics 22.2.4.4 Metabolomics 22.2.4.5 Fluxomics 22.2.4.6 Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Technologies 22.2.4.7 Workflow for Metagenomics 22.2.4.8 Applications of Metagenomics in Bioremediation 22.3 Applications of Molecular Tools in the Contaminated Sites for Characterisation of Microbial Community 22.4 Conclusion References 23 Bioindication and Biomarker Responses of Earthworms: A Tool for Soil Pollution Assessment Abstract 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Biological System and Pollution Biomarkers 23.2.1 Exposure 23.2.2 Histological 23.2.3 Stress 23.2.4 Genotoxicity 23.3 Effects of Soil Pollutants on Earthworms 23.4 Pollutant-Induced Biomarker Responses in Earthworm 23.4.1 Methiocarb 23.4.2 Imidacloprid 23.4.3 Pesticides 23.4.4 Polystyrene Microplastics 23.4.5 Antibiotics 23.4.6 Thifluzamide 23.4.7 Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Heavy Metals 23.4.8 Sunfentrazone 23.5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 24 Electrokinetic-Assisted Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for the Treatment of Polluted Soil Abstract 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Soil Pollutants and Pollution 24.2.1 Inorganic Contaminants 24.2.2 Organic Contaminants 24.3 Need for Remediation of Soil Pollutants 24.4 Electrokinetic Assisted Remediation (EKR) 24.4.1 Electrokinetic Assisted Bioremediation (EKBR) 24.4.2 Electrokinetic Assisted Phytoremediation (EKPR) 24.5 Source of Energy for Electrokinetic Remediation 24.6 Electrokinetic Removal of Inorganic Pollutants 24.7 Electrokinetic Removal of Organic Pollutants 24.8 Electrokinetic Removal of Co-contamination 24.9 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 25 Monitoring Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soil Using Remote Sensing Abstract 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Conventional Techniques of Phytoremediation Monitoring 25.3 Potential of Remote Sensing for Phytoremediation Monitoring 25.4 Proximal RS for Studying Metal Contamination in Soil 25.5 Monitoring Metal Uptake by Plants During Phytoremediation Using RS 25.6 Plant Species Discrimination by RS 25.7 Metal-Induced Stress Monitoring Using RS Derived Vegetation Indices 25.8 Phytoremediation Monitoring Using Airborne RS 25.9 Phytoremediation Monitoring Using Satellite-Borne or Space-Borne RS 25.10 Future Prospects 25.11 Conclusion References 26 Application of Artificial Intelligence to Detect and Recover Contaminated Soil: An Overview Abstract 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Industrial Release of Pollutants and Their Toxicity Management with Advancement of ANN Technology 26.3 Advanced Computing Technology Like ANN 26.4 Self-organizing Mapping Technique (SOM) Application 26.5 Development of ANN with Supervised Learning 26.6 Bioremediation with ANN Paradigm 26.7 Architecture of Artificial Neural Network in Detection and Prediction of Phytotoxicity 26.8 ANN Model Structure for Predicting Environmental Soil Properties 26.9 Conclusion References 27 Will Climate Change Alter the Efficiency of Bioremediation? Abstract 27.1 Bioremediation: An Eco-Friendly Tool for a Sustainable Ecosystem 27.2 Approaches to Enhance Bioremediation 27.2.1 Chemotaxis 27.2.2 Biofilm or Biosurfactants 27.2.3 Biostimulation 27.2.4 Bioaugmentation 27.2.5 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms 27.3 Effects of Climate Change on Bioremediation Efficiency 27.3.1 Temperature 27.3.2 Soil pH 27.3.3 Soil Water 27.4 Effects of Ocean Carbon Sequestration on Bioremediation 27.5 Conclusion References 28 Correction to: Production of Safer Vegetables from Heavy Metals Contaminated Soils: The Current Situation, Concerns Associated with Human Health and Novel Management Strategies Index