Advances in Application of Stem Cells: From Bench to Clinics (Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Book 69)

The field of stem cell biology is expanding with a continued surge of new information related to its applications. Over past few years, stem cells have been extensively used in cell therapy, tissue engineering, in vitro drug testing among others. At the moment there is no single book available which comprehensively describes the significance of various application of stem cells derived from embryonic and adult sources from lab to clinics. In this edited volume, we discuss basics and advanced topics of stem cells to help researchers, students and professional find the most important information in a single source of updated information about stem cells and relevant applications. This book is divided in 12 chapters and covers topics such as in vitro cell culture, 3D cell culture, cell therapy, tissue engineering, cell factory, cell functionality, in vitro drug testing, organ development, autologous transplantation, allogeneic transplantation, adult stem cells, multipotent stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, a pluripotent and embryonic stem cells. Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the Editor 1 Basics of Stem Cells Definition of Stem Cells Historical Background of Stem Cell Research Structure and Morphology of Stem Cells Characteristics of Stem Cells Differences Between Somatic Cells and Somatic Stem Cells Stem Cells in Different Species (Animals and Humans) Post Development Growth/Repair/Maintenance Location and Function of Stem Cells in the Human Body There Are Many Known Sites of Stem Cell Activities Role of Stem Cells in Human Development and Embryology Multipotent Stem Cells Versus Pluripotent Stem Cells Nobel Prize Research on Stem Cells References 2 Types and Classification of Stem Cells Introduction Classification of Stem Cells Based on Their Potency Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Oligopotent Unipotent Classification of Stem Cells Based on Their Origin Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) Human Fetal Stem Cells (hFSCs) Adult Stem Cells Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) References 3 Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells Discovery of Isolation and Characterization Methods Isolation Techniques Mechanical Isolation/Dissection Laser Isolation Immunosurgery Microdissection Minimized Trophoblast Cell Differentiation Characterization Techniques Formation of Embryoid Body (EB) Suspension Culture Hanging Drop Culture Semisolid Media Role of Growth Factors Non-Specific Growth Factors Cellular Characterizations of Stem Cells Using Cell Surface Markers by Immunofluorescence Technique Methodology Molecular Characterization of Stem Cells by Transcription Factors Using PCR and RT-PCR Technique Methodology RNA Isolation and RNA Quality Assessment cDNA Synthesis Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR Data Analysis Teratoma Formation Technology Methodology Genetic Analysis Using Chromosomes Analysis of Stem Cells Methodology References 4 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Neuronal Lineage: In Vitro Cell Culture and In Vivo Transplantation in Animal Models Introduction Differentiation of Stem Cells into Neural Lineage In Vitro Tissue Cultures, Transition from 2D to 3D Structure of Brain Organoids and the Gene Expression A Comparison of the 2D and 3D Brain Cultures Use of Hydrogel and Other Matrix in Brain Organoids Increasing the Scalability and Traceability of Organoids Brain-on-a-Chip Stem Cells for Brain Research, HiPSCs from Patients The Blood-Brain Barrier Neuronal Disorders and Disease Models Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Model Neural Disease Models Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Stem Cell Transplantation Transplantation of Stem Cells in Model Metazoans Future Directions Brain Regeneration: Reversing the Vision Loss in Mouse Model by Reprogramming Stem Cells CRISPR and iPSC Conclusions References 5 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Cardiomyocyte Lineage: In Vitro Cell Culture, In Vivo Transplantation in Animal Models Differentiation of Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes Lineage: In Vitro Cell Culture Introduction to Pluripotent Embryonic Cells Development of Cardio Myocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells Steps of Pluripotent Stem Cells Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes Methods in Cardiomyocyte Differentiation Concept and Methods of In Vitro Differentiation of ESCs and iPSCs Cells into Cardiomyocyte In Vitro Differentiation of ESCs Differentiation of iPSCs into Human Cardio Myocytes Methods for Differentiation of iPSCs and ESCs into Cardiomyocytes Future Trends of iPSCs in Stem Cell Research with Regard to Cardio Myocytes Applications of In-Vitro Culture in Cardiogenesis Differentiation of Stem Cells into Cardiomyocyte Lineage: In Vivo Transplantation in Animal Models Introduction to Embryonic Cells Involved in In-Vivo Development of Cardiomyocyte Lineage Function of Different Factors of Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in ES Cell Differentiation Evaluation of Efficacy of Embryonic Cells in Functional and Anatomical Cardiac Repair in Animal Model Evaluation of Embryonic Cell Therapy for the Repair and Regeneration of Cardiac Tissue at the Clinical Level References 6 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Hepatocyte Lineage: In Vitro Cell Culture, In Vivo Transplantation in Animal Models Introduction Isolation and Culture of Hepatocytes Hepatocyte Morphological and Functional Characterization Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Hepatocytes Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells into Hepatocytes Hematopoietic Stem Cells Differentiation into Hepatocyte Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Differentiation into Hepatocytes Application in Drug Discovery, Preclinical, and Clinical Trials 2D and 3D Hepatocyte Confirmation, Liver Formation References 7 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Pancreatic Lineage: In vitro Cell Culture, in vivo Transplantation in Animal Models Pancreas Pancreas Development Development Pancreas in Embryonic Stage and Endoderm Specification Specification of the Dorsal and Ventral Pancreas The Primary Transition The Secondary Transition The Final Transition Pancreatic Exocrine Cells Pancreatic Endocrine Cells β-cell Regeneration β-cells Regeneration During Pregnancy β-cells Regeneration During Obesity β-cells Regeneration After Partial Pancreatectomy Pancreatic Diseases Diabetes Mellitus Alternative Sources of Pancreatic β-cells Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) into Pancreatic β-cells Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) into Pancreatic β-cells Differentiation of Adult Pancreatic Stem/Progenitor Cells into Pancreatic β-cells Generation of Pancreatic β-cells Using the Three-Dimensional 3D Cell Culture Method Why Use 3-D Cell Culture Systems? Generation of Pancreatic β-cells Using the 3D Cell Culture Method Transdifferentiation of Pancreatic Cells Clinical Trials of Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes The Challenges of Stem Cell Therapy Summary References 8 Application of Stem Cells in Treatment of Bone Diseases: Pre-clinical and Clinical Perspectives Introduction Short History of Stem Cell Development Osteonecrosis of Head of Femur Introduction Pre-clinical Studies Clinical Studies Conclusion Stem Cell Therapy in Fracture Healing Introduction Pre-clinical Studies Clinical Studies Conclusion Stem Cell Therapy in Osteoarthritis of Knee Introduction Pre-clinical Studies Clinical Studies Conclusion Stem Cell Therapy in Meniscus Injuries and Ligament Injuries Introduction Pre-clinical Studies Clinical Studies Conclusion Stem Cell Therapy in Management of Osteoporosis Introduction Pre-clinical Studies Clinical Studies Stem Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury Introduction Pre-clinical Studies Clinical Studies Conclusion References 9 Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Clinical Trials Introduction Clinical Trials of Bone and Muscle Diseases Using Stem Cell Therapy Bone Disease and Regenerative Medicine Clinical Trials in Joint Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy Musculoskeletal Disease and Stem Cell Therapy Neuromuscular Disease and Stem Cell Therapy Clinical Trials of Brain Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy List of Clinical Trials in Brain Injuries List of Clinical Trials in Brain Diseases List of Clinical Trials in Spinal Cord Injuries List of Clinical Trials in Peripheral Nerves Diseases Clinical Trials of Heart Diseases with Stem Cell Therapy List of Clinical Trials in Myocardial Infarction List of Clinical Trials in Stroke and Related Diseases List of Clinical Trials in Digestive System Diseases List of Clinical Trials in Eye Diseases List of Clinical Trials in Kidney Diseases List of Clinical Trials in Skin Diseases References 10 Stem Cell Production: Scale Up, GMP Production, Bioreactor Stem Cell Production Historical Overview Challenges—Difficulties and Shortcomings that Faced Researchers Advances—Improvements in Stem Cell Production Over the Years Scale Up of Stem Cell Production Scale Up Methodology 3D Production Systems Stem Cells Types Mesenchymal Stem Cells iPSC Stem Cells Stem Cells Applications Classical Cell Therapies Gene Therapy Regenerative Medicine Organoids Spheroids GMP Production Cost of Clinical Production Quality Assurance Facility References 11 Stem Cell-Based Products in the Market Introduction Stem Cells Global Market Stem Cells Products in Diagnostics and Disease Treatment Stem Cells in Treatment of Neurological Disorders Stem Cells in Treatment of Cardiovascular System Technological Advancement Involving Stem Cells Therapy Stem Cells and Vaccine Production Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicines Stem Cell-Based Products in the Market Allocord® Hemacord® Ducord® Prochymal® Alofisel® Holoclar® Zalmoxis® Clinical Trials Stem Cells Products in Skin Treatment and Cosmetics Characters of ASCs Applications of ASCs and ASC-CM in Skin Conclusions References 12 Commercialization, IPR, and Market of Stem Cell Products Introduction to Stem Cell Products Introduction to Broad Categories of Stem Cell Research Products and Regulations Associated with Stem Cell Research Products Common Types of Stem Cell Product and Supply Market Competition with Perception to Stem Cell Products Funding for Stem Cell Research Current Regulatory Challenges in Stem Cell Product Development Commercialization Stem Cell Therapy and Its Inclusion at Global Level in Clinical Research Stem Cell Production at Clinical Dimension and cGMP Protocol Stem Cell Commercialization Establishment Commercial Perspective of Stem Cell Products Intellectual Property Rights and Stem Cell Products Intellectual Property Rights and Stem Cell Products Regulatory Intellectual Properties and Laws of Stem Cell Research in Different Developed Nations Market of Stem Cells Products Global Stem Cell-Based Products and Stem Cell Therapy Market Market Segmentation Market Dynamics References Index