پیشرفت‌ها در آزمایش و مدل‌سازی حیوانات: درک پدیده‌های زندگی

__Exploration in Laboratory Animal Sciences Understanding Life Phenomena__ updates our knowledge about the newer technologies such as molecular biology, genomics including sequencing, proteomics, transcriptomics, cell culture, stem cell culture, transgenesis and their translation to understand systematics and phylogeny of laboratory animals at molecular level. In seven sections __Exploration in Laboratory Animal Sciences Understanding Life Phenomena__ resolves issues of conservation, applications in environment monitoring, production of drugs and others. Comparative research has enabled use of domestic animal models that translate the advances in basic biosciences to the schemes for human welfare including medicine. Molecular geneticists are unravelling the complexities of mammalian genes and the field of biotechnology is maturing at a fast pace. Additionally, research focused on immunology and animal behavior offer new insight into ways of enhancing animal welfare. The rise in consumption of animal proteins in addition to the challenges of sustaining our natural resources has given animal scientists a vast array of opportunities to engage in integrative systems-based research for meeting the challenges that behold us. __Exploration in Laboratory Animal Sciences Understanding Life Phenomena__ also discusses the manipulation of animals as factories for the production of safe foods, drugs, and sensors and others to meet the contemporary challenges faced by mankind in the new world order created by pandemic of Covid 19. It also includes several chapters on the causation and management of certain diseases and impact of microbes on life. Advances in Animal Experimentation and Modeling Copyright Dedication Contents List of contributors Preface 1 Emerging techniques in biological sciences 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Artificial Intelligence 1.3 Imaging cells to molecules in 3D 1.4 Microarray 1.5 Genetic engineering with precision 1.6 Omics technologies 1.6.1 Genomics and transcriptomics 1.6.2 Proteomics 1.6.3 Metabolomics 1.7 Informatics and simulations 1.8 Automation and miniaturization of experiments 1.9 BioMEMS (Biomedical micro electro-mechanical systems in biology) References 2 Molecular basis of animal systematics including barcoding 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Morphological systematics and its shortcomings 2.3 Molecular markers 2.3.1 Mitochondrial DNA as a molecular marker 2.3.2 Selection of a molecular marker 2.3.2.1 Ribosomal genes 2.3.2.2 Protein coding genes 2.3.2.3 Control region (D-loop region) 2.4 DNA barcoding: an effective technique in molecular systematics 2.4.1 Standardized DNA barcode 2.4.2 Barcoding—reference library 2.4.3 Pitfalls of using a standardized barcoding region 2.5 Concluding remarks References 3 Mitochondrial DNA: a tool for elucidating molecular phylogenetics and population 3.1 Size of mtDNA in different livestock species 3.2 Mitochondrial DNA vis a vis genomic DNA 3.3 Mitochondrial DNA as genetic marker 3.4 Mitochondrial DNA as a molecular clock 3.5 Domestication of livestock species and mitochondrial DNA 3.5.1 Mitochondrial DNA based origin and domestication of cattle 3.5.2 Mitochondrial DNA based haplogroups across different cattle types 3.5.3 Mitochondrial DNA based origin and domestication of other livestock species 3.6 Challenges and future prospects References 4 Somatic cell nuclear transfer in cellular medicine and biopharming Highlights 4.1 Introduction 4.2 SCNT as potent genome reprogramming tool 4.2.1 Biomedical applications of SCNT 4.2.2 SCNT in regenerative medicine 4.2.3 SCNT vis-à-vis biopharming 4.3 Cloned transgenic animals 4.4 Development of therapeutic cells 4.5 Biopharming using cloned transgenic animals 4.6 Outlook and challenges References 5 Animal cloning: perspectives for futuristic medicine 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Types of cloning 5.1.2 Standard procedure of cloning 5.2 Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer 5.2.1 Organism cloning/reproductive cloning (cell nuclear replacement) 5.2.1.1 Advantages of reproductive cloning 5.2.1.2 Disadvantages of reproductive cloning 5.2.2 Therapeutic cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer) 5.2.2.1 Limitations of therapeutic cloning 5.2.2.2 Application and future prospects of therapeutic cloning 5.2.2.3 Difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning 5.3 Molecular/gene cloning 5.3.1 Applications of gene cloning 5.4 Human reproductive cloning 5.4.1 Background 5.4.2 Advantages of human cloning 5.4.3 Disadvantages of embryo cloning 5.5 Risk of cloning 5.6 Ethical issues of human cloning 5.7 Conclusion References 6 CRISPR/Cas9 system and prospects in animal modeling of neurodegenerative diseases 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background and basic technique 6.3 Technique basics 6.4 Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology 6.4.1 Gene editing 6.4.2 Epigenetic modification 6.4.3 Multiplexing 6.5 CRISPR-Cas9 in neurodegenerative diseases 6.5.1 CRISPR/Cas9 and animal model of neurodegenerative diseases 6.6 Challenges, limitations and adaptations in CRISPR/Cas9 technique 6.6.1 Off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas9 6.6.2 Genetic mosaicism 6.6.3 Low rate of homologous recombination 6.6.4 Functional loss of the gene 6.7 Conclusion References 7 Semen quality biomarkers for improvement of production in livestock 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Canonical methods of semen quality evaluation 7.3 Biochemical evaluation 7.4 Microscopic examination 7.5 Computer-assisted semen analysis 7.6 Flow cytometry 7.6.1 Biomarker-based sperm analysis—integrated molecular approach 7.7 Sperm RNA(s) as semen quality biomarker 7.8 Sperm DNA methylation as semen quality biomarker 7.9 Sperm SNPs as semen quality biomarkers 7.10 Sperm proteins as semen quality biomarker References 8 Animal models and their substitutes in biomedical research 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Drives for animals welfare 8.2 Alternatives to animal models in scientific research 8.2.1 Cell cultures/tissue cultures/callus culture/organ culture 8.2.2 Stem cells 8.2.3 In vivo imaging in pharmaceutical studies 8.2.4 Increased systematic reviews (SRs) 8.2.5 Metaanalysis 8.2.6 Drug design using in silico and computational models 8.2.7 In vitro models 8.2.8 Lower vertebrates and invertebrates 8.2.9 Microorganisms 8.2.10 Organ-on-a-chip models 8.2.11 Systems biology tools (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and molecular diagnostics) 8.2.12 Human volunteers 8.2.13 Human patient simulators 8.3 Concluding remarks References Further reading 9 Experimental models for investigating the pathogenesis of heart failure 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Myocardial ischemia induced heart failure 9.2.1 Coronary ligation induced MI model 9.2.2 Coronary artery embolization induced MI model 9.3 Hemodynamic overload-induced heart failure 9.3.1 Volume overload models 9.3.1.1 Aortocaval shunt model 9.3.1.2 Arteriovenous shunt model 9.3.1.3 Mitral regurgitation model 9.4 Pressure overload-induced models 9.4.1 Supravalvular aortic stenosis model 9.4.2 Transverse aortic constriction model 9.4.3 Abdominal aortic constriction model 9.4.4 Spontaneously hypertensive rat model 9.5 Tachycardia-induced heart failure model 9.6 Genetic cardiomyopathy model of heart failure 9.6.1 Syrian cardiomyopathic hamsters 9.6.2 Transgenic or knockout models 9.7 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments Conflict of interest References 10 Animal models of inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: updates and tra... 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Musculoskeletal tissue engineering 10.3 Animal models in biomedical research 10.3.1 Skeletal muscle disorders 10.3.2 Key updates from experimental models of skeletal muscle disorders 10.3.3 Bone disorders 10.3.4 Key updates from experimental models of bone disorders 10.3.5 Tendon and ligament disorders 10.3.6 Key updates from experimental models of tendon and ligament disorders 10.4 Challenges and perspective Acknowledgments Conflict of interests References 11 Selection of experimental models mimicking human pathophysiology for diabetic microvascular complications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Diabetic nephropathy 11.2.1 Pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy 11.2.1.1 Hemodynamic changes 11.2.1.2 Metabolic pathway 11.2.1.3 Inflammatory pathway 11.2.1.4 Alternate pathways 11.2.2 Experimental models 11.2.2.1 Chemically induced diabetic nephropathy models 11.2.2.1.1 Chemically induced type 1 diabetic nephropathy models Streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice and rat Alloxan-induced diabetic nephropathy 11.2.2.1.2 Chemically induce type 2 diabetic nephropathy models Induction of diabetic nephropathy using streptozotocin and nicotinamide 11.2.2.2 Diet-induced diabetic nephropathy models 11.2.2.2.1 Fructose-fed induced T2DN in rats 11.2.2.2.2 High-fat diet-induced T2DN in mice 11.2.2.3 Induction of T2DN by administration of chemicals+modification of the diet 11.2.2.4 Surgical models of T1DN 11.2.2.5 Induction of T2DN by administration of chemicals, surgical interventions, and modification of the diet 11.2.2.6 Genetically induced diabetic nephropathy models 11.2.2.6.1 Genetic models of T1DN Nonobese diabetic mouse Biobreeding rat Akita mice OVE26 mice 11.2.2.6.2 Genetic models of T2DN Otsuka–Long–Evans Tokushima fatty rats Zucker diabetic fatty rats and ZSF1 rats db/db mice db/db NOS−/− ob/ob mice KK and KK-Ay mice New Zealand obese mice MKR mice Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetes mice 11.2.2.7 Genetic and chemical model of T1DN 11.3 Diabetic neuropathy 11.3.1 Pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy 11.3.1.1 Metabolic causes of diabetic neuropathy 11.3.1.2 Microvascular contribution 11.3.1.3 Insulin receptors and insulin resistance 11.3.2 Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain 11.3.2.1 Peripheral mechanisms contributing to neuropathic pain in DNe 11.3.2.2 Central mechanisms contributing to neuropathic pain in diabetic neuropathy 11.3.3 Experimental models of diabetic neuropathy 11.3.3.1 Chemically mediated diabetic neuropathy models 11.3.3.1.1 Streptozotocin-induced models 11.3.3.2 Diet-induced diabetic neuropathy models 11.3.3.3 Genetically induced diabetic neuropathy models 11.3.3.3.1 Genetic models of type 1 diabetic neuropathy NOD mice Ins2 Akita mice 11.3.3.3.2 Genetic models of type 2 diabetic neuropathy ob/ob mice db/db mice Zucker diabetic fatty rat SDT rats OLETF rats 11.4 Diabetic retinopathy 11.4.1 Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy 11.4.1.1 Vascular damage 11.4.1.2 Neural damage 11.4.2 Experimental models 11.4.2.1 Chemically induced Dr models 11.4.2.2 Diet-induced Dr models 11.4.2.3 Surgically induced Dr models 11.4.2.4 Genetically induced Dr models 11.4.2.4.1 Genetic models of type 1 diabetic retinopathy Biobreeding rat Nonobese diabetic mice Ins2 Akita mice Kimba mice Akimba mice 11.4.2.4.2 Genetic models of type 2 diabetic retinopathy Zucker diabetic fatty rats WBN/Kob rats Otsuka–Long–Evans–Tokushima fatty rats Goto-Kakizaki rats Spontaneously diabetic Torii rats db/db mice 11.4.2.5 Retinal angiogenesis induced Dr models 11.5 Discussion 11.6 Summary References 12 Exploration on different animal models used in drug-induced adverse reactions research; current scenario and further pro... 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Animal models used in research 12.3 Studies of adverse drug reactions associated with different drugs on different animal models 12.3.1 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12.3.2 Antitubercular drugs 12.3.3 Tetracyclines 12.3.4 Immunosuppressant drugs 12.3.5 Antithyroid drugs 12.3.6 Antiepileptic drugs 12.4 Common adverse reactions of drugs 12.4.1 Hepatotoxicity 12.4.2 Reproductive toxicity 12.4.3 Nephrotoxicity 12.4.4 Neurotoxicity 12.4.5 Hematological toxicity 12.4.6 Genotoxicity 12.4.7 Immunoallergic reactions 12.4.8 Gastrointestinal effects 12.5 Conclusions and recommendations References 13 Animal models for hepatoxicity 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Classification of animal models for hepatotoxicity 13.2.1 Antitubercular drugs-induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.2 Non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs-induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.3 Antiretroviral drugs-induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.4 Methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.5 Galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.6 Carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.7 Alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.8 Aflatoxin B1 induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.9 TNF inhibitors induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.10 Azathioprine-related nodular regenerative hyperplasia 13.2.11 Antidepressants and antipsychotics-induced hepatotoxicity 13.2.12 Phalloidin induced hepatotoxicity Acknowledgment References 14 Drosophila embryo as experimental model: lessons learnt from genes in axis formation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Anterior-posterior axis formation in Drosophila 14.2.1 Maternal gradient establishing early anterior-posterior boundaries 14.2.2 The gap gene network 14.2.3 The pair rule gene network 14.2.4 The segment polarity genes 14.2.5 The homeotic selector gene 14.3 Dorsal-ventral axis formation in Drosophila melanogaster 14.3.1 Role of dorsal gradient 14.3.2 Activation of Toll pathway 14.4 Concluding remarks References 15 Exploration of biological science in extreme environment: an Indian experience at the Arctic 15.1 Long-term objectives 15.2 Short-term objectives References 16 Parlance of insect systematics: from classical to molecular—the journey has been long 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Classical taxonomy-morphological attributes 16.3 New trends 16.4 Larval taxonomy/embryology 16.5 Eco-taxonomy 16.6 Ethological taxonomy 16.7 Cytotaxonomy 16.8 Molecular taxonomy 16.9 Identification of members of a target group of species 16.10 Identification of disease causing agents 16.11 Phylogeny and classification 16.12 Conclusion and discussion 16.13 Status of insect taxonomy in India 16.14 Need of the hour 16.15 Networking between different research institutions References 17 Parasites in a changing world 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Parasites and wildlife 17.3 Parasites in farming systems 17.4 Zoonotic parasitic diseases 17.5 Conclusion References 18 Ambient ecological conditions of the Gangetic dolphin- Platanista gangetica gangetica of river Ganga, between Varanasi t... 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Field survey and habitat related protocols 18.3 Result and discussion 18.4 Dolphin status and distribution 18.5 Conclusion and recommendations References 19 Entomopathogenic nematode in national development through enhancing the socio-economic condition of Indian farmers 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Historical approach of EPN 19.3 Major techniques/important observations 19.3.1 Mass propagation 19.3.2 In Vivo propagation 19.3.2.1 Baiting 19.3.2.2 Harvesting 19.3.2.3 Preparation for storage 19.3.3 In Vitro propagation 19.3.3.1 Preparation of rearing flasks 19.3.3.2 Inoculation with bacteria 19.3.3.3 Inoculation with nematodes 19.3.3.4 Harvesting 19.3.3.5 Storage 19.4 Nematode species and target insect pests 19.5 Entomopathogenic nematodes based formulations 19.6 Formulation development at Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut 19.7 Applications of entomopathogenic nematodes-based formulation 19.8 Summary Acknowledgment Declaration References Further reading 20 Molecular studies of pest termites in India 20.1 Introduction 20.1.1 Application of molecular markers in phylogenetic studies 20.1.2 Complete mitochondrial genome sequence in higher termites 20.1.3 Complete mitochondrial genome sequence in lower termites 20.1.4 Selection of molecular markers 20.2 Materials and methods 20.2.1 Collection and identification of termite 20.2.1.1 Taxa examined 20.2.2 DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing 20.2.3 Data analysis 20.3 Results 20.3.1 Nucleotide analysis 20.3.2 Phylogenetic analysis 20.4 Discussion 20.5 Conclusion References 21 Roadmap for wildlife research and conservation in India 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Review 21.3 Discussion References 22 Flying fox: threats and global conservation status 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Why do flying foxes need to be conserved? 22.3 Threat factors 22.4 Hunting 22.5 Cultural/symbolic threats 22.6 Medicinal use 22.7 Roost distraction/deforestation 22.8 Ambient temperature 22.9 Natural calamities 22.10 Pest 22.11 Predators 22.12 Global status 22.13 Conservation measures 22.14 Captive breeding 22.15 Roost monitoring 22.16 Awareness campaign 22.17 Conclusion Conflict of interest References 23 Importance of need-based and applied research for conservation of animal fauna towards national development—an insight 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Habitat preservation 23.3 Climate change impact 23.4 Importance of animal research 23.5 Research priorities 24 Strategies for characterizing and protecting animal resources for future generations 24.1 Introduction 24.1.1 Diversity of animal genetic resources in India 24.1.2 Need for characterization of animal genetic resources 24.1.2.1 Molecular markers in analyzing cattle genome diversity 24.1.3 Single nucleotide polymorphisms markers and conservation of genetic diversity 24.1.4 Strategies for single nucleotide polymorphisms discovery 24.1.5 Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms arrays/chips 24.1.6 Whole genome sequencing 24.1.7 Whole genome sequence and conservation genomics 24.1.8 Genetic diversity estimations in India References 25 Buffaloes for nutritional secure and economically empowered rural India 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Buffalo is India’s primary dairy livestock 25.3 Issues with buffalo production systems 25.3.1 Scarcity and depletion of high producing germplasm 25.3.1.1 Male germplasm scarcity 25.3.1.2 Application of reproductive biotechnologies 25.3.2 Imbalanced feeding and the resultant low health, fertility, and productivity 25.3.3 Unscientific and poorly designed buffalo shelters 25.3.4 Low marketing incentive and motivation to develop buffalo farming enterprise 25.3.5 Inconsistency in productivity and income from buffalo production systems 25.3.6 Methane emissions and growing concerns due to ensuing climate change 25.3.7 Peri-urban dairies as source of GHG in and around cities 25.4 Suggested remedies for sustainable buffalo production 25.4.1 Ration balancing for improved feed utilization 25.4.2 Reducing age at first calving—Calf management, improved nutrition and mineral supplementation 25.4.3 Getting maximum production from standing herd “one calf per year per buffalo” through use of hormone therapies and f... 25.4.4 Vaccination and epidemiological monitoring 25.4.5 Conserving depleting elite germplasm 25.5 Conclusion References 26 Livestock sector: an integral component for country’s food and social security 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Contributions of various livestock species—the Indian perspective 26.3 Cattle and buffalo 26.4 Sheep and goat 26.5 Pigs 26.6 Poultry 26.7 Other livestock species 26.8 Bottlenecks in livestock production 26.9 Opportunities and challenges References 27 Proteomics-based advancements in research toward sustainable production from dairy livestock 27.1 Challenges in enhancing future milk production 27.2 Need for an integrated approach to enhance production 27.3 Importance of information-based policy 27.4 Proteomics in feed, fodder, and ruminant digestion 27.5 Proteomics for low-yielding indigenous and exotic cows 27.6 Proteomics for diseases in dairy animals 27.7 Proteomics for diagnostics and therapeutics in cows 27.8 Proteomics to tap the full potential of milk 27.9 Milk safety, adulterants and milk-borne pathogens 27.10 Conclusion References Further reading 28 Artificial insemination: scope and challenges for indian dairy sector 28.1 Artificial insemination 28.2 Artificial insemination and frozen semen production network in India 28.3 Challenges in implementation of artificial insemination in India 28.3.1 Requirement of breeding bulls and frozen semen doses 28.3.2 Requirement and skill of inseminators/artificial insemination workers 28.4 Supply of frozen semen and liquid nitrogen to artificial insemination workers 28.5 Effective artificial insemination delivery at farmers’ doorstep 28.6 Awareness among the farmers 28.6.1 Strategies to strengthen artificial insemination implementation 28.6.2 Production of elite bulls of high genetic merit 28.6.3 Semen certification 28.6.4 Frozen semen evaluation 28.6.5 Provision of mobile artificial insemination services 28.6.6 Sexed semen production 28.6.7 Artificial insemination training facility 28.7 Conclusion References 29 Livestock health: current status of helminth infections and their control for sustainable development 29.1 Current livestock status 29.2 Impact of helminth diseases on livestock industry 29.3 Pathogenicity caused by helminth parasites 29.4 Diagnosis of helminth infections 29.5 Strategies to control parasitic infections in animals 29.5.1 Grazing management 29.5.2 Treatment of infections with anthelmintic drugs 29.5.3 Alternative therapeutic measures for the control of helminth infections 29.5.4 Development of vaccines 29.5.5 Use of next-generation technologies for the control of helminth infections 29.6 Socioeconomic impact of control of helminth infections: prosperity and education for children 29.7 Concluding remarks 29.8 Outstanding questions Acknowledgments References 30 Harnessing potential of A2 milk in India: an overview 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Gene polymorphism and bioactive peptides 30.3 Protein variants of beta casein gene 30.4 Bioactive peptides from A1/A2 types of milk 30.5 Mode of action of milk derived peptides 30.6 A1 milk consumption and human health 30.6.1 Epidemiological studies 30.6.2 Experimental evidences 30.7 Demographic distribution pattern of A1/A2 allele of beta casein gene 30.7.1 Status of β-casein variants in Indian cattle breeds 30.7.2 Status of β-casein variants in crossbred cattle/bulls References 31 Understanding heat stress response in dairy animals: an overview 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Physiological responses to heat stress 31.3 Hematological responses to heat stress 31.4 Biochemical responses to heat stress 31.5 Cellular and molecular responses to heat stress 31.6 Genomics: a way forward 31.7 Opportunities and challenges References 32 Livestock sector between pushing and pulling factors-evolving scenario for national livestock development 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Livestock population dynamics 32.3 Adoption of crossbred/improved animals 32.4 Production of livestock & its products 32.5 Growth of veterinary institutions 32.6 Deterioration of common property resource and integration with crop culture 32.7 Planning and fiscal support 32.7.1 Government support under livestock development plans 32.7.2 Livestock development schemes/programmes in India 32.8 Prospects for livestock farming 32.8.1 Demand driven progress 32.8.2 Large domestic and international market 32.9 Limiting factors 32.9.1 Competition with natural resources 32.9.2 Negative attitude towards livestock rearing 32.10 Evolving options for sustenance of livestock sector Acknowledgements References 33 Parasite diversity strategies under influence of pollutants 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Diversity of parasites on fish in the challenged environment 33.3 Interactions of pollutants and parasites on hosts 33.3.1 Toxicants and stressors 33.3.2 Role of bioindicators 33.4 Use of sensitivity of parasites to the ambient chemical environment 33.4.1 Acanthocephalans-the dark horse 33.4.2 Affinity of Acanthocephalens towards heavy metals 33.5 Parasite response towards pollution 33.6 Conclusions References 34 Parasites : futuristic indicators of an altered aquatic environment 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Bioindicators from Indian perspective 34.3 Fish as biomarkers in water bodies in India 34.4 Helminth bioindicators from international perspective 34.5 Conclusions and perspectives of parasites as accumulation indicators Acknowledgments References 35 Effect of climate change on mosquito population and changing pattern of some diseases transmitted by them 35.1 Introduction 35.1.1 Effect of climate change on Culex mosquitoes and diseases transmitted by them 35.1.2 Effect of climate change on Anopheles mosquitoes and diseases transmitted by them 35.1.3 Effect of climate change on Aedes mosquitoes and diseases transmitted by them 35.2 Discussion and conclusion References 36 New dimensions in self employment for sustainability in a changing environment 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Major technologies 36.2.1 Present scenario and scope of apiculture in combating employment issues 36.2.1.1 Traditional wall hive 36.2.1.2 Description of wall hive 36.2.1.3 Drawbacks of traditional wall hive 36.2.1.4 Improvement of traditional wall hive 36.2.1.5 Advantages of improved wall hive 36.3 Industrial linkage 36.4 Apiculture and beekeeping organizations in India 36.4.1 Success story 36.5 Summary References Index Exploration in Laboratory Animal Sciences Understanding Life Phenomena updates our knowledge about the newer technologies such as molecular biology, genomics including sequencing, proteomics, transcriptomics, cell culture, stem cell culture, transgenesis and their translation to understand systematics and phylogeny of laboratory animals at molecular level. In seven sections Exploration in Laboratory Animal Sciences Understanding Life Phenomena resolves issues of conservation, applications in environment monitoring, production of drugs and others. Comparative research has enabled use of domestic animal models that translate the advances in basic biosciences to the schemes for human welfare including medicine. Molecular geneticists are unravelling the complexities of mammalian genes and the field of biotechnology is maturing at a fast pace. Additionally, research focused on immunology and animal behavior offer new insight into ways of enhancing animal welfare. The rise in consumption of animal proteins in addition to the challenges of sustaining our natural resources has given animal scientists a vast array of opportunities to engage in integrative systems-based research for meeting the challenges that behold us. Exploration in Laboratory Animal Sciences Understanding Life Phenomena also discusses the manipulation of animals as factories for the production of safe foods, drugs, and sensors and others to meet the contemporary challenges faced by mankind in the new world order created by pandemic of Covid 19. It also includes several chapters on the causation and management of certain diseases and impact of microbes on life. Provides insight to newer and futuristic technologies to understand disease process and drug design by animal models Addresses a wide variety of species and covers a wide variety of topics (such as animal species, the laboratory setting, regulatory guidelines, and ethical considerations) to fully prepare for work with all types of animals Gives a perspective on laboratory animal use that allows to explain the benefits of animal use as required by veterinary technology program accreditation procedure Includes examples of animal bio-technological techniques (including stem cell and tissue engineering) for their applications to humanity Offers new insight into ways of enhancing animal welfare by the inclusion of research results focused on immunology and laboratory animal behavior