Advancements and Innovations in OMFS, ENT, and Facial Plastic Surgery

This book will cover updated practices and cutting-edge innovations pertinent to advanced Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons, Otolaryngologists (Head and Neck Surgeons), and Facial Plastic Surgeons. Each chapter will review and update the reader on advancements in procedures and technologies in head and neck surgery. The authors are world-renowned experts in their respective fields who are keen to share their extensive experience and preferred approaches. Chapters will cover: Reviewing current techniques and highlighting future innovations and technologies pertaining to oral, head, and neck surgery. Illustrating ways to formulate specific treatment plans for the management of complex ailments and defects of the head and neck region. Developing specific treatment plans for the reconstruction of complex structures. Updating reader knowledge on both current and up-and-coming innovative procedures. Discussing the science underlying current and next-generation technologies. This book is intended for all oral and maxillofacial surgeons, head and neck surgeons, and plastic and reconstructive surgeons who wish to increase their knowledge on the latest modalities of maxillary and mandibular reconstruction. Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Innovations in Craniofacial Surgery Introduction Craniosynostosis Introduction Epidemiology and Etiology Traditional Repair Computer-Aided Surgery Computer-Aided Open Repair Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Techniques Midface Advancement Introduction Traditional Midface Reconstruction in the Syndromic Patient Contemporary Treatment Pierre Robin Sequence Introduction Traditional Repair Contemporary Treatment Hemifacial Microsomia and Treacher Collins Syndrome Introduction Traditional Repair Contemporary Treatment Summary and Outlook References Chapter 2: Advancements and Innovations in Cleft Surgery Current Standards in Cleft Care Oronasal Fistula Complications and Prevention by Surgical Techniques Tissue Augmentation with Buccal Mucosal Flaps Nasal Flaps and Nasal Floor Closure Modified Von Langenbeck Approach Hard Palate Closure Timing Buccal Fat Pad and Buccal Flap Growth Factors for Alveolar Bone Grafting ERAS Protocol Innovations in Cleft Patients Conclusions References Chapter 3: Novel Cancer Immunotherapies and Molecular Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancer Introduction Advances in OSCC Biomarker Research Noninvasive Biopsy Techniques for OSCC Diagnosis Advances in Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Advances in Immunotherapy Innovations in Biomaterials for Controlled-Release Immunotherapy Conclusion References Chapter 4: Advancements and Innovations in Otologic Surgery: Endoscopic and Exoscopic Ear Surgery Introduction Endoscopic Ear Surgery Zero-Degree Endoscopy Angled Endoscopy Transmastoid Endoscopic Ear Surgery Underwater Endoscopic Ear Surgery Resident Training and Teaching Disadvantages of Endoscopic Ear Surgery Setup and Safety Incorporating the Endoscope into Practice The Future of Endoscopic Ear Surgery Use of the Exoscope in Otologic Surgery Surgical Ergonomics Conclusion References Chapter 5: Anatomic (AI) and Functional/Molecular Imaging (FMI) in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Head and Neck Pathologies Introduction Imaging of Head and Neck Pathologies Atypical Skull Base Osteomyelitis (ASBO) ASBO Imaging Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPCA) NPCA Imaging Carotid Body Tumors (CBTs) CBT Imaging Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) with Perineural Tumor Spread (PTS) Imaging SCC with PTS Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC): Imaging and Treatment Parathyroid Adenoma: Imaging and Localization Conclusion References Chapter 6: Advancements and Innovations in Sleep Surgery Introduction Nasal Surgeries Maxillary Expansion—“Rhinognathic Surgery” Indications and Contraindications Diagnostic Workup Specific Risks, Patient Information, and Consent Anesthesia and Patient Positioning Equipment Surgical Steps with Focus on Endoscopic Approach Complications Postoperative Care Outcomes Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation (HGNS) Indications and Patient Selection Process Contraindications Surgical Technique Postoperative Care Complications Uvulopalato-“Preservation” Pharyngoplasty (UPPP) Surgical Technique Postoperative Care Complications Genioglossus Advancement (GGA) Indications and Patient Selection Planning Considerations Operative Technique Complications Outcomes Maxillomandibular Advancement Preoperative Planning Virtual Surgical Planning Preparation and Patient Positioning Anesthetic Considerations Surgical Technique Complications Clinical Outcomes Conclusions References Chapter 7: Oral Dysplasia Terminology Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders Oral Dysplasia: Grading and Classification Oral Dysplasia: Detection and Diagnosis Oral Dysplasia: Management (Treatment and Surveillance) Oral Dysplasia: Risk of Malignant Transformation References Chapter 8: Pharyngoesophageal Reconstruction Introduction Principles of Reconstruction Primary Closure Pedicled Flap Reconstruction Deltopectoral and Internal Mammary Artery Perforator Flap Pectoralis Major Myofascial and Myocutaneous Flap Supraclavicular Artery Island Flap Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer (MVFTT) Forearm Free Flaps Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap (ALT) Enteric Conduit Options for Pharyngoesophageal Replacement Gastric Conduit Colonic Interposition Supercharged Jejunal Interposition Route of Conduit Postoperative Considerations Voice Rehabilitation Electrolarynx Esophageal Speech Tracheoesophageal Puncture (TEP) Swallowing Outcomes References Chapter 9: Trends in Microvascular Surgery Introduction Preoperative Donor Site Assessment Computer Tomography Angiography (CTA) Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) Color Duplex Ultrasound (CDU) Thermography Intraoperative Techniques Advances in Microvascular Anastomotic Technique Anastomotic Coupler Systems Advances in the Operative Microscope Exoscope Robotic Microscope Intraoperative Flap Assessment Indocyanine Green Angiography Postoperative Flap Monitoring Implantable Doppler Probe Systems Tissue Spectroscopy (Visible Light and Near Infrared) Conclusion References Chapter 10: Use of Three-Dimensional Technology for Virtual Surgical Planning in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Introduction Imaging Modality Hard Tissue Considerations Imaging Modalities—Soft Tissue Considerations Data Acquisition Applications Orthognathic Pathology and Reconstruction Jaw in a Day Future Directions References Chapter 11: Advancing Immediate Dental Rehabilitation in Free Tissue Transfer Utilizing Point-of-Care Digital Workflows and 3D Printing Introduction Immediate Dental Implant Placement in Osseous Free Flaps History of Immediate Dental Rehabilitation in Osseous Free Flaps Expanded Applications of Immediate Dental Rehabilitation in Free Tissue Transfer Preoperative Digital Workflow: Data Gathering to Temporary Prosthesis Design Intraoperative Technique Postoperative Digital Workflow: Naval Medical Center Rapid Restorative Protocol Future Directions References Chapter 12: Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer in Osteoradionecrosis and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws Introduction Osteoradionecrosis Vasculature Tissue Quality and Healing Extent of Disease Perioperative Management Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws Malignancy Healing Extent of Disease Conclusion References Chapter 13: Advancements in Facial Trauma Introduction Computer-Assisted Surgical Simulation Surgical Navigation Intraoperative Computed Tomography Patient-Specific Implant References Chapter 14: Advancements in Maxillofacial Benign Tumors and Cysts Update on World Health Organization (WHO) Odontogenic Benign Tumors and Cysts Ameloblastoma Treatment of Ameloblastoma Using Checkpoint Markers Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) PTCH1 Gene and Sonic Hedgehog Pathway PTCH1 Mutation and BCNS Treatment of OKC Marsupialization and Decompression Enucleation En Bloc Resection Adjunct Therapy Peripheral Ostectomy Carnoy’s Solution and Modified Carnoy’s Solution Cryosurgery Using Liquid Nitrogen 5-FU References Chapter 15: Update and Advancements in Facial Plastics Introduction Rhinoplasty and Nasoseptal Reconstruction Upper Lip Lift Blepharoplasty Facial Rejuvenation Laser and Light-Based Rejuvenation Radiofrequency Micro-Needling Platelet-Rich Fibrin/Autologous Nanofat Graft Face Lift: Deep Plane Rhytidectomy and Thread Lift Hair Restoration Facial Reinnervation References Chapter 16: Innovative Treatment Modalities for Craniofacial Reconstruction Introduction New Materials and Methods Bioactive Molecules (rhBMP-2, Adenosine, and Dipyridamole) Tissue Engineering Strategies: Evidence in a Small Translational Model Preclinical Translational Models Skeletally Mature Translational Models Skeletally Immature Translational Model Future Outlook References Chapter 17: Tissue Engineering in Maxillofacial Reconstruction: Past, Present, and Future Introduction: Basic Principles of Maxillomandibular Tissue Engineering and Reconstruction Traditional Non-vascular Bone Grafts Growth Factors for Maxillomandibular Reconstruction Current Methods of Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering The Cells The Signal The Matrix Future Methods of Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering Conclusion References Chapter 18: The New Norm: Examining Quality of Life with Trigeminal Nerve Deficits and New Standards of Nerve Repair—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Background Review of Literature How Does This Problem Impact and Affect the Afflicted Population and How Can It Be Measured? Available Surgical Interventions Conclusions References Chapter 19: Trigeminal Nerve Reconstruction in Maxillofacial Surgery Introduction Historical Perspective on Trigeminal Nerve Reconstruction and Repair Current Practices and Outcomes of Peripheral Trigeminal Nerve Repair Pathophysiology of Nerve Damage Current Options for Trigeminal Nerve Repair and Reconstruction Current Practices: Inferior Alveolar, Long Buccal, and Mental Nerve Repair and Reconstruction Current Practices: Lingual Nerve Repair and Reconstruction Current Practices: Infraorbital Nerve (IO) Repair and Reconstruction Measuring Outcomes and Controversies in Trigeminal Nerve Reconstruction Future Developments References Chapter 20: Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery: Office-Based Procedures Transgender Populations Terminology Epidemiology Gender-Affirming Care The Facial Skeletal and Soft Tissue Differences Office-Based Procedures for Facial Gender Affirmation Tracheal Shave Gonial Angle Reduction Genioplasty Lip Lift Use of Injectable Medicines in Gender Affirmation Summary References Chapter 21: Advancements in Dermal Substitutes for Head and Neck Reconstruction Introduction Common Indications for Dermal Substitutes and Global Principles of Use Integra Wound Matrix System Integra Recommended Protocol Integra Postoperative Management AlloDerm AlloDerm Recommended Protocol AlloDerm Postoperative Management ACell (Cytal, Gentrix, MicroMatrix) ACell Recommended Protocol: Intended for Sheet Formulations ACell Postoperative Management AmnioFix AmnioFix Recommended Protocol AmnioFix Postoperative Management Conclusion References Chapter 22: The Evolution of Magnetic Resonance Neurography in Imaging of the Trigeminal Nerve Historical Perspective Principles and Justification Classification and Interpretation of Nerve Injury Imaging in Different Clinical Scenarios Future Directions References Chapter 23: Advancements and Innovations in Office Anesthesia: Novel Drugs and Infusion Combinations for Office-Based Intravenous Sedation Introduction Remifentanil Dexmedetomidine Ketamine-Propofol Combination (Ketofol) Remifentanil-Propofol Combination (Remi-Prop) Remimazolam Conclusion References Chapter 24: Advancements in Transoral Robotic Surgery and the Treatment of Oropharyngeal Cancer Introduction Robotic Surgery of the Oropharynx Using da Vinci Surgical Systems Da Vinci Si Da Vinci Xi Da Vinci SP Retractor Systems Augmented Reality in Transoral Robotic Surgery Extended Applications of Robotic-Assisted Surgery in the Head and Neck Hypophyarynx Larynx Thyroid Parotid Nasopharynx Robotic-Assisted Reconstructive Surgery Robotic Surgery in De-escalation Therapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer Conclusion References Chapter 25: Cold Ablation Robot-Guided Laser Osteotome (CARLO®): Technology and Clinical Application in Maxillofacial Surgery and Reconstruction Introduction Cold Ablation Robot-Guided Laser Osteotomy Applications in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery Orthognathic Surgery Mandibular Reconstruction Further CMF Indications Outlook Technology Development Future Indications References Chapter 26: Motor Nerve Reconstruction of the Facial Nerve Introduction Timing of Repair and Outcomes Factors Affecting Reconstruction Primary Repair and Outcomes Cable Repair and Outcomes Sural Nerve Great Auricular Nerve (GAN) Acellular Nerve Allografts Nerve Transfer Masseteric Nerve Transfer Hypoglossal Nerve Transfer Cross-Facial Nerve Graft (CFNG) Free Gracilis Muscle Transfer (FGMT) Single-Stage FGMT Two-Stage FGMT Facial Nerve Rehabilitation Conclusion References Chapter 27: Pearls and Pitfalls in Microvascular Reconstructive Fellowships American Board of Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Certification Microvascular Training: The Oral Maxillofacial Experience American Head and Neck Surgery Fellowship Experience Expanding the Microvascular Team OMFS Collaborative Expansion References Chapter 28: Advancements in Plastic Surgery: Face Transplant Preoperative Considerations Patient Evaluation and Selection Indications and Contraindications Patient-Specific Planning Donor Selection Immunosuppression Therapy Preparation and Planning Facial Transplantation Team Cadaveric Rehearsals Imaging Additional Preparation Surgical Considerations Postoperative Considerations Outcomes Rejection Other Complications Revision Surgeries Future Directions References Index