Advanced Technologies for Rechargeable Batteries: Alkaline Metal Ion, Redox Flow, and Metal Sulfur Batteries 1

This volume focuses on alkaline metal-ion, redox flow, and metal sulfur batteries and provides details about the various kinds of advanced rechargeable batteries. It explains magnesium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, metal sulfur batteries, and redox flow batteries with an introduction to rechargeable batteries and major upcoming batteries (magnesium-/sodium-ion batteries). Various kinds of redox flow batteries from introduction extending to the recent progress in redox flow batteries have been extensively discussed. Features: Covers recent battery technologies in detail, from chemistry to advances in post-lithium-ion batteries. Reviews magnesium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, metal sulfur batteries, and redox flow batteries. Explains various metal sulfur batteries. Explores different types of redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage application. Provides authoritative coverage of scientific contents via global contributing experts. This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers, and professionals in materials science, chemical and electrical engineering, and electrochemistry. Cover Half Title Advanced Technologies for Rechargeable Batteries. Volume 1: Alkaline Metal Ion, Redox Flow, and Metal Sulfur Batteries Copyright Dedication Contents Preface About the Editors Contributors Abbreviations Symbols Units 1. Current Rechargeable Batteries 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 THE EMERGENCE OF BATTERIES 1.3 NEXT‐GENERATION RECHARGEABLE SYSTEMS 1.4 THE ERA OF POST‐LITHIUM‐ION BATTERIES: INTERNAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 1.5 ISSUES OF CURRENT LITHIUM‐ION BATTERIES 1.6 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 2. Ion Batteries 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 SODIUM‐ION BATTERIES 2.3 POTASSIUM‐ION BATTERIES (KIBs) 2.4 CALCIUM‐ION BATTERIES 2.5 MAGNESIUM‐ION BATTERIES (MIBs) 2.6 FLUORIDE‐ION BATTERIES (FIBs) 2.7 CHLORIDE‐ION BATTERIES (CIBs) 2.8 ALUMINIUM‐ION BATTERIES (AIBs) 2.9 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 3. Magnesium-Ion Batteries 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 CATHODE MATERIALS 3.3 ANODES 3.4 ELECTROLYTES IN RECHARGEABLE MIB 3.5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 4. Potential Anode Materials for Magnesium-Ion Batteries 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 RECHARGEABLE MAGNESIUM‐ION BATTERY (MIB) 4.3 ALLOY‐BASED ANODE MATERIAL FOR MAGNESIUM BATTERIES 4.4 METAL OXIDES 4.5 TWO‐DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS 4.6 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 5. Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium-Ion Batteries 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 CHEVREL PHASE AS CATHODES FOR RMIBS 5.3 PRUSSIAN BLUE ANALOGS IN rMIBs 5.4 VANADIUM COMPOUNDS AS CATHODE MATERIALS 5.5 MANGANESE DIOXIDE‐BASED CATHODE MATERIALS FOR rMIBs 5.6 SPINELS AS CATHODE MATERIALS IN rMIBs 5.7 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 6. Electrolytes for Storage Magnesium-Ion Batteries 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 MAJOR ELECTROLYTES IN MG‐ION BATTERIES 6.3 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 7. Polymer Electrolytes and Separators for Magnesium-Ion Batteries 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 POLYMER ELECTROLYTE 7.3 SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE 7.4 GEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTE 7.5 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 8. Electrochemical Mechanisms in Sodium-Ion Batteries 8.1 INTRODUCTION TO SODIUM‐ION BATTERIES (SIBs) 8.2 THE MOTIVATION FOR SIB RESEARCH 8.3 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF SIB 8.4 THERMODYNAMICS OF SODIUM‐ION BATTERY 8.5 CHARGE STORAGE BEHAVIOR IN SIBs 8.6 ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISMS FOR VARIOUS CATHODE MATERIALS OF SIBs 8.7 ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF ANODES FOR SODIUM‐ION BATTERIES 8.8 MECHANISM OF SODIUM‐ION CONDUCTION THROUGH THE ELECTROLYTE 8.9 ELECTRODE–ELECTROLYTE INTERPHASE 8.10 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 9. Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 LAYERED SODIUM TRANSITION METAL OXIDES 9.3 POLYANIONIC COMPOUNDS 9.4 METAL HEXACYANOMETALLATE 9.5 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 10. Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Battery 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 INSERTION MATERIALS 10.2.1 HARD CARBONS 10.2.2 TITANIUM OXIDE-BASED MATERIALS 10.3 ALLOY‐BASED MATERIALS 10.3.1 TIN 10.3.2 ANTIMONY 10.3.3 PHOSPHOROUS 10.4 CONVERSION‐BASED MATERIALS 10.5 2D MATERIALS 10.6 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 11. Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF SOLVENT AND ELECTROLYTES 11.3 OPTIMIZATION OF SUITABLE ELECTROLYTES 11.4 ELECTROLYTES IN SODIUM‐ION BATTERIES 11.5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 12. Redox Flow Battery 12.1 INTRODUCTION TO REDOX FLOW BATTERY 12.1.1 BRIEF HISTORY 12.1.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE AND CHARACTERISTICS 12.2 COMPONENTS OF REDOX FLOW BATTERY 12.2.1 RFB ELECTROLYTES 12.2.1.1 Aqueous Electrolytes 12.2.1.2 Nonaqueous Electrolytes 12.2.2 RFB ELECTRODES 12.2.3 MEMBRANE 12.3 TYPES OF REDOX FLOW BATTERIES 12.3.1.1 Iron‐Chromium Flow Battery 12.3.1.2 All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Battery 12.3.1.3 Other Flow Batteries with the V(3+)/V2+) Couple 12.3.1.4 Hybrid Flow Batteries Comprising Metallic Anodes 12.3.3.1 Quinone‐Based Flow Chemistry 12.3.3.2 TEMPO‐Based Flow Chemistry 12.3.4.1 Nitroxide Radical Compound‐Based Flow Chemistry 12.3.4.2 Dialkoxybenzene‐Based Flow Chemistry 12.3.4.3 Phenothiazine‐Based Flow Chemistry 12.4 TESTING OF RFBs 12.4.1.1 Constant Current Mode 12.4.1.2 Constant Power Mode 12.4.1.3 Constant Voltage Mode 12.5 OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF REDOX FLOW BATTERIES 12.6 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 13. Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Electrode Materials 13.1 INTRODUCTION 13.2 NEGATIVE ELECTRODE MATERIALS OF VRFB 13.3 POSITIVE ELECTRODE MATERIALS OF VRFB 13.4 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ELECTRODE MATERIALS OF VRFB 13.5 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN VRFB 13.6 CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 14. Electrolytes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries 14.1 INTRODUCTION 14.2 SUPPORTING ELECTROLYTE 14.3 ADDITIVES AND IMPURITIES IN THE ELECTROLYTE 14.4 ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE 14.5 VANADIUM ION AND WATER CROSSOVER 14.6 HYDROGEN EVOLUTION REACTION AND OXYGEN EVOLUTION REACTION 14.7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES REFERENCES 15. Aqueous Acidic Redox Flow Batteries 15.1 INTRODUCTION 15.2 ACIDIC INORGANIC RFBs 15.3 VANADIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY 15.4 Fe/V CHEMISTRY 15.5 Zn/Ce‐BASED FLOW BATTERY 15.6 ACIDIC ORGANIC RFBs 15.6.1 SOLUBILITY 15.6.2 REDOX POTENTIAL 15.6.3 STABILITY 15.6.4 QUINONE-BASED ACIDIC FLOW BATTERIES 15.6.5 N-HETEROCYCLIC MOLECULES 15.7 CHARACTERISATION TECHNIQUES 15.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES 16. Lithium Redox Flow Battery 16.1 INTRODUCTION 16.2 HISTORY OF REDOX FLOW BATTERY 16.3 THE BATTERY COMPONENTS AND MECHANISM OF LITHIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY 16.4 CLASSIFICATION OF LITHIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY 16.5 LITHIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY BASED ON AQUEOUS/ APROTIC HYBRID ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM 16.6 LITHIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY IN APROTIC REDOX FLOW SYSTEM 16.7 SEPARATORS 16.8 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 17. Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathodes for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 17.1 INTRODUCTION 17.2 DEVELOPMENT OF SULFURIZED POLYACRYLONITRILE (SPAN) CATHODES 17.2.1 Chemical Structure of SPAN 17.2.2 Redox Reactions in SPAN 17.2.3 SPAN Composites 17.2.3.1 Carbon Additives 17.2.3.2 Metal Compound Additives 17.2.3.3 Heteroatom Doping 17.3 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 18. An Overview of Magnesium–Sulfur Battery 18.1 INTRODUCTION 18.2 COMPONENTS AND CHEMISTRY BEHIND MAGNESIUM–SULFUR BATTERY 18.3 ANODE FOR MAGNESIUM–SULFUR BATTERY 18.4 CATHODE FOR MAGNESIUM–SULFUR BATTERY 18.5 ELECTROLYTES FOR MAGNESIUM–SULFUR BATTERY 18.6 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 19. Metal–Sulfur Battery 19.1 INTRODUCTION 19.2 ALUMINUM–SULFUR BATTERIES 19.3 CALCIUM–SULFUR BATTERIES 19.4 MAGNESIUM–SULFUR BATTERIES 19.5 POTASSIUM–SULFUR BATTERIES 19.6 SODIUM–SULFUR BATTERIES 19.7 LITHIUM–SULFUR BATTERIES 19.8 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 20 Electrolyte for Metal–Sulfur Batteries 20.1 INTRODUCTION 20.2 OVERLOOK ON DIFFERENT METAL–SULFUR BATTERIES 20.3 ELECTROLYTES FOR SODIUM–SULFUR (NA–S) BATTERIES 20.4 ELECTROLYTES FOR Mg–S BATTERIES 20.5 ECTROLYTES FOR Al–S BATTERIES 20.6 ELECTROLYTES FOR K–S BATTERIES 20.7 SUMMARY REFERENCES Index This volume focusses on Alkaline Metal Ion, Redox Flow and Metal Sulfur Batteries and details about the various kinds of advanced rechargeable batteries. This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers and professionals in materials science, chemical and electrical engineering, and electrochemistry.