Advanced Sensors for Biomedical Applications (Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation, 38)

The book highlights recent developments in the field of biomedical sensors with a focus on technology and design aspects of novel sensors and sensor systems. Diagnosis plays a central role in healthcare and requires a variety of novel biomedical sensors and sensor systems. This creates an enormous ongoing demand for sensors for both the everyday life as well as for medical care. Technologies concerning the analysis of human activities as well as for the early detection of diseases are moving into the focus of interest and form the basis for supporting human health and quality of life. As such, the book offers a key reference guide about novel medical sensors and systems for students, engineers, sensors designers and technicians. Preface 6 About This Book 8 Contents 9 A Survey of Human Action Recognition using Accelerometer Data 12 1 Introduction 13 2 Accelerometer's Review and Applications 15 3 HAR Using Accelerometer Data 18 3.1 Challenges 18 3.2 HAR Applications 20 3.3 Related Work 22 4 Datasets 27 4.1 Uni-Modal Databases 27 4.2 Multimodal Databases 28 5 Fusion Framework 31 5.1 Signal-Level Fusion 31 5.2 Feature Level Fusion 32 5.3 Score Level Fusion 33 5.4 Decision Level Fusion 33 6 Experimental Results and Analysis 34 6.1 Results 34 6.2 Discussion 37 7 Conclusions 40 References 40 Ultra Thin Nanocomposite In-Sole Pressure Sensor Matrix for Gait Analysis 44 1 Introduction 45 2 Gait Analysis 45 3 CNT/Polymer Pressure Sensor 47 3.1 Fabrication Process of CNT/PDMS Pressure Sensors 48 4 Implementation and Evaluation 50 4.1 During Stationary Phase 51 4.2 During Dynamic Phase 52 5 Conclusion 54 References 55 Piezo-Resistive Pressure and Strain Sensors for Biomedical and Tele-Manipulation Applications 57 1 Introduction 58 2 Nanocomposite Sensors 59 2.1 Pressure Sensors 60 2.2 Strain Sensors 64 3 Hybrid Glove with Implemented Pressure and Strain Sensors 66 3.1 SBS/C-TPU Strain Sensor 67 3.2 CNT/PDMS Pressure Sensor 69 3.3 Data Acquisition System 70 4 Conclusion 73 References 73 Wireless Body Sensor Networks with Enhanced Reliability by Data Aggregation Based on Machine Learning Algorithms 76 1 Introduction 77 2 Related Works 78 3 Proposed Model 80 4 Performance Evaluation 82 4.1 Gathering Data 82 4.2 Data Preparation and Analysis 82 4.3 Evaluation and Model Choice 84 5 Discussion 89 6 Conclusion 89 References 89 Accelerated Moving Humans Detection Algorithm using Combined Global Descriptors on GPU Based on CUDA 91 1 Introduction 92 2 Methods and Algorithms 93 2.1 Gaussian Mixture Model 94 2.2 Fourier Descriptor 95 2.3 Histogram of Oriented Gradients 95 2.4 Preprocessing: Blur Filter, Thresholding and Opening Morphological Operator 96 2.5 CCL: Connected Component Labeling 97 3 Moving Humans Detection Algorithm and Its Implementation on GPU 98 4 Experimental Results and Discussion 100 4.1 GMM Implementation on GPU 100 4.2 Fourier Descriptor Implementation on GPU 101 4.3 HOG Implementation on GPU 101 4.4 Moving Humans Detection Algorithm Implementation on GPU 103 5 Conclusion 103 References 104 Human Breathing Monitoring by Graphene Oxide Based Sensors 105 1 Introduction 106 2 Experimental Investigations 107 2.1 Sensor Preparation 107 2.2 Experimental Methodology 107 3 Results and Discussion 108 3.1 Physical Characterization 108 3.2 Electrical Measurements and Humidity Influence 110 3.3 Breath Monitoring System and IoT Application 111 4 Conclusion 114 References 114 Impedimetric Detection of Human Interleukin 10 on Diazonium Salt Electroaddressed Gold Microelectrode Surfaces 116 1 Introduction 117 2 Experimental Investigations 119 2.1 Materials and Techniques 119 2.2 Fabrication of Gold Microelectrodes 120 2.3 Preparation of the Gold Microelectrode 121 2.4 Diazonium Electroaddressing 121 2.5 Biorecognition of Human IL-10 122 3 Results and Discussion 122 3.1 Electrochemical Measurements 122 4 Conclusions 126 References 127 Review on Recent Advances in Urinary Biomarkers Based Electrochemical Sensors for Prostate Cancer Detection 129 1 Introduction 130 2 Prostate Cancer Antigen: PCA3 133 3 Sarcosine 134 4 Engrailed-2 Protein 135 5 Micro-RNA (miRNA) 136 6 α-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase (AMACR) 137 7 Microseminoprotein-Beta (MSMB) 137 8 TMPRSS2: ERG Transcripts 138 9 Conclusion and Perspectives 138 References 139 Recent Advances in Ultrasensitive miRNA Biomarkers Detection 143 1 MicroRNAs Overview 144 1.1 MiRNA Biogenesis and Functions 144 1.2 MicroRNAs in Different Pathological Processes 145 2 MicroRNA Detection 147 2.1 MicroRNA Detection Challenges 147 2.2 Conventional Techniques Used for miRNA Detection 148 2.3 Emerging Techniques for microRNA Detection 148 References 165 Early Detection of Helicobacter Pylori Bacteria in Complex Samples 171 1 Introduction 172 2 Importance of HP In-Vitro Detection 173 3 Recent Advances in In-Vitro HP Detection 174 3.1 HP Stool Antigen (HpSA) Test 174 3.2 Fluorescent Detection Methods 175 3.3 Colorimetric Detection Methods 176 3.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance Detection Methods 177 3.5 Electrochemical Detection Methods 178 4 Conclusions and Future Perspective 179 References 180