تکنیک‌های پیشرفته قفل فازی [همراه با CDROM] (کتابخانه مایکروویو آرتک هاوس)

Frequency and time control systems are key circuits found in almost every electronic device today. Mobile phones, GPS systems, PCs, the Internet, and networking equipment are among the many technologies relying on frequency and time control systems. This book is a comprehensive, cohesive reference offering an in-depth understanding of how these circuits are used in a broad and varied range of applications. Moreover, it shows RF system designers how to integrate high performance components onto a single chip. Engineers can also refer to the book's detailed information about performance issues and error correction to help overcome design challenges in the field. Substantial material is devoted to frequency techniques used in WiMAX and other upcoming wireless technologies. With more than 1,000 equations and 500 figures, the book contains computer program scripts to tackle every circuit engineering problem.A CD-ROM is included! It contains practical tools to aid in the design process such as Visio figures and Matlab code for nearly all the mathematical plots in the book. Contents Preface CHAPTER 1 Phase-Locked Systems—A High-Level Perspective 1.1 PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BASICS 1.2 CONTINUOUS-TIME CONTROL SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE FOR PLLS (HIGH SNR) 1.3 TIME-SAMPLED PLL SYSTEMS (HIGH SNR) 1.4 ESTIMATION THEORETIC PERSPECTIVE (LOW SNR) FOR PLLS 1.5 SUMMARY References CHAPTER 2 Design Notes 2.1 SUMMARY OF CLASSIC CONTINUOUS-TIME TYPE-2 SECOND-ORDER PLL DESIGN EQUATIONS 2.2 CONTINUOUS-TIME TYPE-2 FOURTH-ORDER PLLS 2.3 DISCRETIZED PLLS 2.4 HYBRID PLLS INCORPORATING SAMPLE-AND-HOLDS 2.5 COMMUNICATION THEORY 2.6 SPECTRAL RELATIONSHIPS 2.7 TRIGONOMETRY 2.8 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 2.9 Z-TRANSFORMS 2.10 PROBABILITY AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES 2.11 NUMERICAL SIMULATION 2.12 CALCULUS 2.13 BUTTERWORTH LOWPASS FILTERS 2.14 CHEBYSHEV LOWPASS FILTERS 2.15 CONSTANTS References CHAPTER 3 Fundamental Limits 3.1 PHASE MODULATION AND BESSEL FUNCTIONS 3.2 HILBERT TRANSFORMS 3.3 CAUCHY-SCHWARZ INEQUALITY 3.4 RF FILTERING EFFECTS ON FREQUENCY STABILITY 3.5 CHEBYSHEV INEQUALITY 3.6 CHERNOFF BOUND 3.7 CRAMER-RAO BOUND 3.8 EIGENFILTERS (OPTIMAL FILTERS) 3.9 FANO BROADBAND MATCHING THEOREM 3.10 LEESON–SCHERER PHASE NOISE MODEL 3.11 THERMAL NOISE LIMITS 3.12 NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM 3.13 PALEY-WIENER CRITERION 3.14 PARSEVAL’S THEOREM 3.15 POISSON SUM 3.16 TIME-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT 3.17 MATCHED-FILTERS FOR DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS IN ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE (AWGN) 3.18 WEAK LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS References Appendix 3A: Maximum-Likelihood Frequency Estimator Appendix 3B: Phase Probability Density Function for Sine Wave in AWGN CHAPTER 4 Noise in PLL-Based Systems 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 SOURCES OF NOISE 4.3 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY CONCEPT FOR CONTINUOUS-TIME STOCHASTIC SIGNALS 4.4 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY FOR DISCRETE-TIME SAMPLED SYSTEMS 4.5 PHASE NOISE FIRST PRINCIPLES 4.6 RANDOM PHASE NOISE 4.7 NOISE IMPRESSION ON TIME AND FREQUENCY SOURCES References Appendix 4A: Review of Stochastic Random Processes Appendix 4B: Accurate Noise Modeling for Computer Simulations Appendix 4C: Creating Arbitrary Noise Spectra in a Digital Signal Processing Environment Appendix 4D: Noise in Direct Digital Synthesizers CHAPTER 5 System Performance 5.1 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW 5.2 INTEGRATED PHASE NOISE 5.3 LOCAL OSCILLATORS FOR RECEIVE SYSTEMS 5.4 LOCAL OSCILLATORS FOR TRANSMIT SYSTEMS 5.5 LOCAL OSCILLATOR PHASE NOISE IMPACT ON DIGITAL COMMUNICATION ERROR RATE PERFORMANCE 5.6 PHASE NOISE EFFECTS ON OFDM SYSTEMS 5.7 PHASE NOISE EFFECTS ON SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEMS 5.8 PHASE NOISE IMPACT FOR MORE ADVANCED MODULATION WAVEFORMS 5.9 CLOCK NOISE IMPACT ON DAC PERFORMANCE 5.10 CLOCK NOISE IMPACT ON ADC PERFORMANCE References Appendix 5A: Image Suppression and Error Vector Magnitude Appendix 5B: Channel Capacity and Cutoff Rate CHAPTER 6 Fundamental Concepts for Continuous-Time Systems 6.1 CONTINUOUS VERSUS DISCRETE TIME 6.2 BASIC CONTINUOUS-TIME PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS 6.3 ADDITIONAL RESULTS FOR THE IDEAL TYPE-2 PLL 6.4 LOOP FILTERS 6.5 MORE COMPLICATED LOOP FILTERS 6.6 TYPE-3 PLL 6.7 HAGGAI CONSTANT PHASE MARGIN LOOP (9 DB PER OCTAVE) 6.8 PSEUDO-CONTINUOUS PHASE DETECTOR MODELS 6.9 STABILITY ANALYSIS 6.10 TRANSIENT RESPONSE EVALUATION FOR CONTINUOUS-TIME SYSTEMS References Appendix 6A: Simplification of Linear Systems Appendix 6B: Bandwidth Considerations for Continuous-Time Modeling of Time-Sampled Systems Appendix 6C: Christiaan Huygens and Phase-Locked Pendulum Clocks Appendix 6D: Admittance Matrix Methods for Analyzing Complex Loop Filters CHAPTER 7 Fundamental Concepts for Sampled-Data Control Systems 7.1 SAMPLED SIGNAL BASICS 7.2 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONTINUOUS-TIME AND DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL REPRESENTATIONS 7.3 SAMPLED-TIME PLL 7.4 STABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR SAMPLED SYSTEMS 7.5 TIME-DOMAIN RESPONSE 7.6 CLOSED-FORM RESULTS FOR SAMPLED PLLS 7.7 PSEUDO-CONTINUOUS VERSUS SAMPLED SYSTEM ANALYSIS 7.8 NOISE IN SAMPLED SYSTEMS References Appendix 7A: Additional Closed-Form Results for Sampled PLLs CHAPTER 8 Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizers 8.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF FRACTIONAL-N SYNTHESIS 8.2 ANALOG-BASED FRACTIONAL-N SYNTHESIS 8.3 -Σ MODULATOR FUNDAMENTALS 8.4 -Σ FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS ARCHITECTURES 8.5 SINGLE-BIT VERSUS MULTIPLE-BIT OUTPUT -Σ MODULATORS 8.6 COMBATING DISCRETE SPURIOUS TONES 8.7 -Σ FRACTIONAL-N CAVEATS TO AVOID 8.8 FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS References CHAPTER 9 Oscillators 9.1 LINEAR OSCILLATOR THEORY 9.2 OSCILLATOR CONFIGURATIONS 9.3 OSCILLATOR USAGE IN PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS 9.4 OSCILLATOR IMPAIRMENTS 9.5 CLASSICAL PHASE NOISE MODELS 9.6 NONLINEAR OSCILLATORS AND NOISE References CHAPTER 10 Clock and Data Recovery 10.1 CLOCK AND DATA RECOVERY BASICS 10.2 SIGNALING WAVEFORMS 10.3 INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE 10.4 BIT ERROR RATE 10.5 OPTIMAL TIMING RECOVERY METHODS 10.6 BIT ERROR RATE INCLUDING TIME RECOVERY 10.7 FINAL THOUGHTS References Appendix 10A: BER Calculation Using the Gil-Pelaez Theorem Acronyms and Abbreviations List of Symbols About the Author Index "The practical reference offers a unified approach to phase-lock-based technology, spanning from large to small signal-to-noise ratio applications. It takes practitioners from classical continuous-time systems, through hybrid and discrete time-sampled systems, to fractional-N synthesis techniques. Moreover, the book looks at the phase-locked loop as a nearly optimal tracking method for bit and clock synchronization applications."--Jacket

This practical reference offers a unified approach to phase-lock technology, spanning large and small signal-to-noise applications. It takes you from continuous-time systems through hybrid time-sampled systems to fractional-N synthesis techniques.