Advanced Materials

Advanced Materials gives an unique insight into the specialized materials that are required to run our modern society. Provided within are the fundamental theories and applications of advanced materials for metals, glasses, polymers, composites, and nanomaterials. This book is ideal for scientists and engineers of materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering, and students of these disciplines. A unique overview of the specialized materials required for modern society. Provides an introduction to the fundamentals and applications of advanced materials. Ideal for graduate students and career starters of chemistry, physics, and engineering. Cover Half Title Also of interest Advanced Materials Copyright Preface Contents List of Contributors 1. Design Principles for Organic Semiconductors 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History of OSCs 1.3 Band Gap 1.4 Theoretical Models for Charge Transport 1.5 OSC Devices 1.5.1 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 1.5.2 Solar Cells 1.5.3 Field-Effect Transistors 1.6 Molecular Design Strategies 1.6.1 Extending Conjugation with Spacer Groups 1.6.2 Fusing Rings: Polycyclic Arenes 1.6.3 Heteroatoms 1.6.4 Substituents 1.6.5 Donor–Acceptor Strategy 1.6.6 Case Study: Band Gap Control of Conjugated Polymers via Alkylsulfanyl Substituents 1.7 Supramolecular Solid-State Assembly 1.8 Relevant Small-Molecule OSCs 1.8.1 Sulfur-Containing OSCs 1.8.2 Sulfur and Nitrogen-Containing OSCs 1.8.3 Nitrogen-Containing OSCs 1.9 Conclusions References 2. CO2-Controlled Polymer Self-Assembly and Application 2.1 Introduction of CO2-Responsive Polymers 2.2 Some Types of Polymers with CO2-Responsive Functional Groups 2.2.1 CO2-Responsive Polymers with Tertiary Amino Groups 2.2.2 CO2-Responsive Polymers with Amidines 2.2.3 CO2-Responsive Polymers with Other Functional Groups 2.2.4 CO2-Responsive Copolymers with Dual Stimuli Response 2.3 Self-Assembly and Morphology Transition of CO2-Responsive Polymers 2.3.1 Self-Assembly of CO2-Responsive Polymers 2.3.2 Morphology Transition of CO2-Responsive Polymers 2.4 Application of CO2-Responsive Polymers 2.4.1 CO2-Triggered Release of Guest Molecules from Polymer Assemblies 2.4.2 CO2-Responsive Polymer Surfactants for Emulsion Polymerization 2.4.3 CO2-Responsive Polymer Gels and Rheology Modifiers 2.5 Summary and Perspectives References 3. Self-Healing Materials: Design and Applications 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 A Brief History 3.2 Concepts in Self-Healing 3.2.1 Types of Self-Healing 3.2.2 Self-Healing Mechanism and Efficiency 3.3 Approaches for Self-Healing 3.3.1 Encapsulation of Repairing Agents 3.3.2 Dynamic Cross-Linking 3.3.3 Dynamic Covalent Bonds 3.3.4 Other Approaches to Self-Healing 3.4 Some Applications of Self-Healing Materials 3.4.1 Field-Effect Transistors 3.4.2 Advanced Manufacturing and Technologies 3.4.3 Functional Coatings and Adhesives 3.4.4 Biomedical Engineering 3.4.5 Petroleum Extraction 3.5 Conclusion and Perspectives References 4. Redox-Responsive Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Materials: Review and Application to Biological Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Redox Environment of Disease States 4.2.1 Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species and the Cellular Redox Environment 4.2.2 Redox Homeostasis and the Tumor Microenvironment 4.3 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) Lipids and Membrane Fusion 4.3.1 Polymorphic Phase Behavior of Lipids and Surfactants 4.3.2 Lipid Phase Behavior and Membrane Stability 4.4 Principles and Applications of Redox-Sensitive Lipid/Surfactant Materials 4.4.1 (Electro)chemical Principles Underlying Redox-Responsive Materials 4.4.2 Applications 4.5 Conclusions References 5. Ultrafine Nanofiber Formation by Centrifugal Spinning 5.1 Nanofiber Fabrication Techniques 5.1.1 Electrospinning 5.1.2 Melt Blowing 5.1.3 Bicomponent Spinning 5.1.4 Centrifugal Spinning 5.2 Experimental Analysis of CS 5.2.1 Design Parameters 5.2.2 Geometrical Parameters 5.2.3 Operational Parameters 5.2.4 Types of Nanofibers 5.3 Mathematical Modeling of CS 5.3.1 Mathematical Modeling Techniques 5.3.2 Governing Equations 5.4 Conclusion References 6. Rational Design of Highly Efficient Non-precious Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells and Metal-Air Batteries 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Investigating Decay Mechanism of MOF-Based NC_Ar+NH3 Catalysts 6.2.1 Whether Iron is Involved in the Lack of Stability Catalysts 6.2.2 A Specific Demetalation of Fe–N4 Catalytic Sites in the Micropores 6.3 Novel Structured Non-precious Metal Catalyst Electrocatalytst 6.3.1 Core–Shell Structured Electrocatalysts 6.3.2 3D Porous Fe/N/C Spherical Nanostructures 6.3.3 Litchi-like Highly Porous Fe/N/C Spheres 6.4 Conclusion References 7. Toward the Assembly of Dynamic and Complex DNA Nanostructures 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Structural DNA Nanotechnology 7.3 DNA Origami 7.4 DNA Nanotubes and Other Dynamic Nanostructures 7.5 Higher-Order DNA Nanostructures 7.6 Conclusion References 8. Alternating Copolymer Nanotubes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Experimental Evidence for SMA and SMI Nanotubes 8.2.1 Small Angle Neutron Scattering 8.2.2 Cryo-TEM of SMA Nanotubes 8.2.3 TEM of SMA Nanotubes Filled with Polypyrrole 8.2.4 AFM Images of SMA and SMI Nanotubes 8.2.5 Neutron Reflectivity 8.3 Theoretical Predictions from Quantum Mechanical Calculations 8.3.1 Structure of SMA Monomers 8.3.2 Structure of SMA Dimer and Trimer 8.3.3 Structure of Quadrimers and Larger Oligomers 8.3.4 π–π Stacking Between SMA Chains into Sheets and Nanotubes at pH 7 8.3.5 Tertiary Structure of SMA 8.3.6 Structure of SMI Monomers, Dimers, and Oligomers 8.3.7 Self-Association Between Racemo-Diisotactic SMI Oligomers 8.4 Nanotubes Made from Oligopeptides 8.4.1 Oligopeptide Conformations 8.4.2 π–π Stacking Between (FEE)n Oligomers 8.4.3 Experimental Evidence for (FEE)6 Nanotubes 8.4.4 Advanced Materials Templated from Nanotubes 8.5 Conclusions References 9. Molecular Glasses: Emerging Materials for the Next Generation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structural Elements Favoring Glass Formation 9.2.1 Non-planarity 9.2.2 Symmetry 9.2.3 Conformational Equilibria 9.2.4 Intermolecular Interactions 9.3 Groups That Can Induce Glass Formation 9.4 In Silico Design of Molecular Glasses 9.5 Physical Properties of Molecular Glasses 9.6 Application of Molecular Glasses 9.7 Conclusion References 10. Production of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic Cells by Manipulating Cell-Surface Interactions 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Type 1 Diabetes 10.1.2 Islet Transplantation 10.1.3 Pluripotent Stem Cells 10.2 Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells 10.2.1 Classical Directed Differentiation Toward Beta Cells Using Solub 10.2.2 The Developmental Landscape – A Complex Microenvironment to Capture 10.2.3 Recapitulating the Interactions Found in Native Tissues 10.2.4 Engineering Cell–Surface Interactions 10.2.5 Cell Aggregation and Three-dimensional Cell Culture 10.2.6 Spatial Confinement of Stem Cells 10.3 Conclusions and Perspectives References 11. Phase Diagram of an Au–Pt Solid Core–Liquid Shell Nanoparticle 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology: Model and Governing Equations 11.3 Results 11.3.1 Gibbs–Thomson Curves and Phase Equilibria (Condition 1) 11.3.2 Mass–Balance Restriction (Condition 2) 11.3.3 Relative Stability of a Two-Phase NP with Respect to a Single-Phase NP (Condition 3) 11.3.4 Temperature-Composition Diagram of Au–Pt NP References 12. Directing the Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles for Advanced Materials 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Directing Self-Assembly by Molecular Interactions 12.3 Template Directed Self-Assembly 12.3.1 Biological Templates for Self-Assembly 12.4 Template-Free Directed Self-Assembly 12.5 Self-Assembly Directed by External Fields 12.6 Self-Assembly at Liquid Interfaces References 13. Toward Well-Defined Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoribbons 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes 13.2.1 SWNT Manufacturing and Purification Process 13.2.2 SWNTs for Electronics and Optoelectronics 13.2.3 Applications in Microelectronics 13.3 Graphene Nanoribbons 13.3.1 Top–Down Approach 13.3.2 Bottom–Up Synthesis 13.3.3 Surface-Assisted Synthesis References 14. Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Structure and Elemental Processes in Li-Ion Batteries 14.1.2 The Electrochemical Potential 14.2 Mass Transport Within Solid Particles 14.2.1 Mass Transport by Diffusion 14.2.2 Diffusion Coefficient 14.3 Electron Transfer Kinetics 14.4 Solid-Phase Potential and Electron Transport 14.4.1 Solid-Phase Potential and Current Distribution 14.5 Liquid-Phase Potential and Ionic Transport 14.5.1 Diffusion Potential 14.5.2 Nernst–Planck Mass Transport Equation 14.5.3 Mass Transport for Binary Electrolyte within the Electrode 14.5.4 The Liquid-Phase Electrostatic Potential 14.5.5 Tortuosity and Apparent Transport Properties 14.6 Assembling the Puzzle and a Practical Application 14.6.1 Numerical Method and Model Approximations 14.6.2 Practical Application: Discharge Curve of a Battery Cell 14.6.3 Solid-Phase Potential and Macroscopic Electron Transport 14.6.4 Kinetics of Charge Transfer and Current Density 14.6.5 Running the Simulation 14.6.6 Results and Analysis Appendix List of Symbols References Index