Adipose Tissue Development: From Animal Models to Clinical Conditions 3rd ESPE Advanced Seminar in Developmental Endocrinology, Paris, March 2009 (Endocrine Development, Vol. 19)

Nowadays, adipose tissue is not only regarded as an organ of storage related to fuel metabolism but also as an endocrine organ involved in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, lipids and energy metabolism. These proceedings cover the nervous regulation of both white and brown adipose tissue mass. Different physiological parameters such as metabolism (lipolysis and thermogenesis) and secretory activity (leptin and other adipokines) are reviewed. The plasticity of adipose tissue (proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis) showing the presence of a neural feedback loop between adipose tissue and the brain, which plays a major role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, is discussed. Merging basic knowledge and various clinical conditions, this thorough review is of great interest to both scientists and physicians, in particular pediatricians, interested in obesity, endocrinology and nutrition. Cover 1 Contents 6 Preface 7 Human Lipodystrophies: Genetic and Acquired Diseases of Adipose Tissue 10 Abstract 10 Definition and Diagnosis 11 Classification 12 Pathophysiology of Adipose Tissue Loss 15 Genetic Lipodystrophies 16 Acquired Lipodystrophies 21 Treatment of Lipodystrophies 25 Conclusion 26 Acknowledgements 27 References 27 The Emergence of Adipocytes 30 Abstract 30 The Adipose Organ 30 Developmental Origin of Fat 32 Origin of Adipocytes 33 Conclusion 36 References 37 Adipose Tissue and the Reproductive Axis: Biological Aspects 40 Abstract 40 Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ 41 Gene Expression in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue from Growing Pigs and Neonatal and Fetal Pigs 43 Adipose Depot Innervation 44 Adipokines and Reproductive Function 44 References 50 Unraveling the Obesity and Breast Cancer Links: A Role for Cancer-Associated Adipocytes? 54 Abstract 54 Adipose Tissue Is an Active Component of the Tumor Stroma 56 Consequences for the Poor Prognosis Observed for Breast Cancer in Obese Patients: Some Answers, Many Questions 59 Acknowledgements 60 References 60 Early Determinants of Obesity 62 Abstract 62 Infancy Is a Risk Period for Later Obesity 63 Infancy Weight and Subsequent Puberty 63 Common Genetic Determinants of Childhood Obesity 64 Life-Course Associations with FTO and MC4R Variants 65 Nutritional Regulation of Infancy Growth 65 Biomarkers of Infant Growth and Adiposity 67 Influence of Maternal Glucose on Birth Size and Infancy Growth 67 Wider Determinants of Infant Feeding and Weight Gain 67 Determinants of Parental Feeding Choices 68 References 69 Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood – Causes and Effects 71 Abstract 71 Pathophysiology of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Childhood 72 The Complexity of Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome 75 Clinical Relevance 77 Conclusion 78 References 78 Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance in Small for Gestational Age Subjects: A Role for Adipose Tissue? 82 Abstract 82 Epidemiological Data 83 Low Birth Weight and Insulin Resistance 83 Insulin Resistance in Subjects Born SGA Can Be Detected Early in Life 84 Postnatal Growth 84 Pathway to Insulin Resistance 86 Role of Adipose Tissue 87 Reduced Fetal Growth and Hormonal Function of the Adipose Tissue 87 Fat Growth and Insulin Resistance 88 Conclusion 89 References 90 The Neural Feedback Loop between the Brain and Adipose Tissues 93 Abstract 93 From the Brain to Adipose Tissues 94 Role of Autonomic Nervous System in Adipose Tissues Biology 95 From the Adipose Tissues to the Brain 98 Perspectives 99 References 99 Author Index 102 Subject Index 103 Cover......Page 1 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 7 Abstract......Page 10 Definition and Diagnosis......Page 11 Classification......Page 12 Pathophysiology of Adipose Tissue Loss......Page 15 Genetic Lipodystrophies......Page 16 Acquired Lipodystrophies......Page 21 Treatment of Lipodystrophies......Page 25 Conclusion......Page 26 References......Page 27 The Adipose Organ......Page 30 Developmental Origin of Fat......Page 32 Origin of Adipocytes......Page 33 Conclusion......Page 36 References......Page 37 Abstract......Page 40 Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ......Page 41 Gene Expression in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue from Growing Pigs and Neonatal and Fetal Pigs......Page 43 Adipokines and Reproductive Function......Page 44 References......Page 50 Abstract......Page 54 Adipose Tissue Is an Active Component of the Tumor Stroma......Page 56 Consequences for the Poor Prognosis Observed for Breast Cancer in Obese Patients: Some Answers, Many Questions......Page 59 References......Page 60 Abstract......Page 62 Infancy Weight and Subsequent Puberty......Page 63 Common Genetic Determinants of Childhood Obesity......Page 64 Nutritional Regulation of Infancy Growth......Page 65 Wider Determinants of Infant Feeding and Weight Gain......Page 67 Determinants of Parental Feeding Choices......Page 68 References......Page 69 Abstract......Page 71 Pathophysiology of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Childhood......Page 72 The Complexity of Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome......Page 75 Clinical Relevance......Page 77 References......Page 78 Abstract......Page 82 Low Birth Weight and Insulin Resistance......Page 83 Postnatal Growth......Page 84 Pathway to Insulin Resistance......Page 86 Reduced Fetal Growth and Hormonal Function of the Adipose Tissue......Page 87 Fat Growth and Insulin Resistance......Page 88 Conclusion......Page 89 References......Page 90 Abstract......Page 93 From the Brain to Adipose Tissues......Page 94 Role of Autonomic Nervous System in Adipose Tissues Biology......Page 95 From the Adipose Tissues to the Brain......Page 98 References......Page 99 Author Index......Page 102 Subject Index......Page 103