Adapting the built environment for climate change : design principles for climate emergencies / edited by Fernando Pacheco-Torgal, C-TAC Reserch Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal ; Claes-Göran Granqvist, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala Uni

Adapting the Built Environment for Climate Change: Design Principles for Climate Emergencies provides a framework through analysis of scenarios and proposes various adaptation strategies for climate emergencies (heat waves, wildfires, floods, and storms). Divided into three themes the book offers an organized vision of a complex and multi-factor challenge. It covers Climatic resilience and building refurbishment, implications for service life prediction and maintainability, and climate adaptation in maintenance and management of buildings; Infrastructure materials and climate emergency adaptation; and Building adaptation to heat waves, wildfires, floods, and storms. The book will be an essential reference resource for civil and structural engineers, architects, planners and designers, and other professionals with an interest in adaptation of the built environment against climate change. Presents technical solutions for adaptation of the built environment against climate change Features multiple authors spanning both engineering and architectural disciplines Proposes a systematic approach to implement low carbon solutions and build capacity to make successful transitions to a resilient city Cover Adapting the Built Environment for Climate Change Copyright List of contributors Contents Untitled 1 Introduction to adapting the built environment for climate change 1.1 Signs of a climate emergency ahead 1.2 The irreversible need for the adaptation of the built environment to climate emergency 1.3 Outline of the book Acknowledgments References 2 A framework for risk assessment 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Principles of risk assessment 2.2.1 Definitions for complex risk 2.2.2 IPCC risk assessment framework 2.3 Risks derived from climate change to cities: hazards and perspectives 2.3.1 Direct hazards 2.3.1.1 Heat waves and the urban heat island 2.3.1.2 Urban flooding 2.3.1.3 Droughts 2.3.2 Other dynamic hazards 2.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 3 Scenarios for urban resilience—perspective on climate change resilience at the end of the 21st century of a photovoltaic-... 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Methodology 3.2.1 Different scenarios of climate changes 3.2.2 The mixed-use energy community 3.2.3 Settings of the model in TRNSYS 3.3 Results and discussion 3.4 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 4 Urban resilience through green infrastructure 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Key components for sustainable, livable, and resilient cities through green infrastructure 4.2.1 Urban ecological resilience 4.2.2 Urban water resilience 4.2.3 Urban climate resilience 4.2.4 Urban social resilience 4.3 Access, design, and implementation of green infrastructure 4.4 Strategies and policies for building city resilience 4.5 Concluding remarks References 5 Climate-resilient transportation infrastructure in coastal cities 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Climate change resilience of transportation infrastructure 5.3 Quantifying resilience to climate change and coastal flooding 5.3.1 Assessing present and future coastal flood risk 5.3.2 Assessing the consequences of exposure 5.4 Achieving climate resilience through adaptation 5.4.1 Adaptation decision-making frameworks 5.4.2 Scales of adaptation 5.4.3 Increasing robustness 5.4.4 Increasing rapidity 5.4.5 Increasing redundancy 5.4.6 Increasing eesourcefulness 5.5 Valuing climate resilient infrastructure 5.5.1 Adapting equitably 5.6 Conclusion and future trends References Further reading 6 Climate change risks and bridge design 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Climate change projections and uncertainties 6.3 Climate change risks to bridges 6.3.1 Accelerated material degradation 6.3.2 Increased long-term deformations 6.3.3 Higher local scour rates 6.3.4 Additional demands on thermal deformation capacity and higher risk of thermally induced stresses 6.3.5 Higher risks from extreme natural events 6.4 Design of bridges in a changing climate 6.4.1 Stage 1: Importance rating 6.4.2 Stage 2: Identification of potential climate change risks 6.4.3 Stage 3: Analysis of potential climate change risks 6.4.4 Stage 4: Design strategy selection 6.4.5 Stage 5: Evaluating the final design 6.5 Challenges and research needs 6.5.1 Data availability and uncertainty 6.5.2 Challenges related to final design evaluation Acknowledgments References 7 Resilience of concrete infrastructures 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Concrete resilience 7.3 Resilience 7.3.1 Loss model 7.3.2 Prolongation of travel 7.3.3 Connectivity loss 7.3.4 Recovery model 7.4 A case study 7.4.1 Calculation 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Challenges surounding climate resilience on transportation infrastructures 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Conceptual framework 8.3 Literature review 8.4 Road transport infrastructure 8.5 Railway transport infrastructure 8.6 Airport infrastructure 8.7 Port infrastructure 8.8 Research methodology 8.8.1 Issues in seeking to achieve climate resilience 8.9 Case studies 8.9.1 Europe 8.9.2 Asia 8.9.3 Africa 8.9.4 Latin America 8.9.5 North America 8.9.6 Australia and New Zealand 8.10 Discussion 8.11 Conclusion and future direction References 9 A worldwide survey of concrete service life in various climate zones 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Backgrounds 9.3 Climate 9.4 Service life prediction 9.5 Results 9.6 Conclusions References 10 Effect of global warming on chloride resistance of concrete: a case study of Guangzhou, China 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Temperatures and relative humidity: past and future 10.3 Chloride diffusion models 10.4 Results and discussion 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Resilient cooling of buildings to protect against heatwaves and power outages 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology 11.2.1 Data collection 11.2.2 Data processing 11.2.3 Development of a definition 11.2.4 Focus group and follow-up-discussions 11.3 Results 11.3.1 Resilience against what? 11.3.2 Resilience: at which scale? And for how long? 11.3.3 Definition of “resilient cooling for buildings” 11.4 Discussion 11.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 12 Climate change and building performance: pervasive role of climate change on residential building behavior in different ... 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Effects of climate change on building behavior: summary results from the literature 12.2 Methodology 12.2.1 Climate data generator 12.2.2 Energy software for dynamic building simulation 12.2.3 The case study 12.3 Results and discussions 12.4 Conclusion References 13 Climate-responsive architectural and urban design strategies for adapting to extreme hot events 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Climate change and extreme hot events 13.1.2 Necessary to use climate-responsive design strategies for adapting to extreme hot events 13.2 Climate-responsive architectural design strategies for extreme hot events 13.2.1 Effectiveness of climate-responsive architectural design strategies in different climates 13.2.2 Effectiveness of climate-responsive architectural design strategies in the subtropical climate 13.2.3 Shading and ventilation design strategies for buildings in subtropical high-density cities 13.3 Urban adaptive design strategies in responding to extreme hot events 13.3.1 Effectiveness of cooling materials for mitigating urban heat island 13.3.2 Urban geometry design for ventilation and shading 13.3.2.1 Urban geometry and ventilation 13.3.2.2 Urban geometry and shading 13.3.3 Urban greenery design for cooling city 13.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 14 Resilience of green roofs to climate change 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Built environment and urban transition 14.1.2 Nature-based solutions toward circular cities 14.2 Green roof as engineered system 14.2.1 Green roof classification 14.2.2 Green roof layers 14.3 Buildup green roof resilience through value 14.3.1 Environmental value 14.3.1.1 Air quality enhancement 14.3.1.2 Carbon sequestration 14.3.1.3 Biodiversity promotion 14.3.1.4 Stormwater management 14.3.1.5 Acoustic insulation and noise reduction 14.3.2 Social value 14.3.2.1 Esthetic integration 14.3.2.2 Well-being and life quality 14.3.2.3 Rooftop gardens 14.3.3 Economic value 14.3.3.1 Life span extension 14.3.3.2 Energetic efficiency 14.3.3.3 Energy production 14.3.3.4 Real-state valorization 14.3.3.5 Business development 14.4 How to increase green roofs’ resilience to water scarcity? 14.4.1 Vegetation 14.4.2 Substrates 14.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 15 Permeable concrete pavements for a climate change resilient built environment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Properties of permeable concrete 15.2.1 Composition and mix design 15.2.2 Pore structure 15.2.3 Permeability 15.2.4 Strength 15.2.5 Durability 15.3 Factors controlling the performance of permeable concrete 15.3.1 Cement content and water/cement (w/c) ratio 15.3.2 Aggregates 15.3.3 Additives 15.3.4 Chemical admixtures 15.3.5 Compaction and placement 15.4 Clogging 15.4.1 Laboratory studies 15.4.2 Field investigations 15.4.3 Unclogging maintenance methods 15.5 Current state-of-the-art in permeable concrete pavements References 16 Building design in the context of climate change and a flood projection for Ankara 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Climate change and its effects 16.2.1 Climate change effects on buildings 16.3 Climate change flood risk analysis and effects on buildings 16.4 Case study about a “flood” risk analysis in Ankara 16.5 Future trends Acknowledgments References 17 Amphibious housing as a sustainable flood resilient solution: case studies from developed and developing cities 17.1 Climate change and flood vulnerability 17.2 Research methodology 17.3 Adaptive techniques to combat flash floods: a comparative analysis 17.4 Amphibious housing: origin and development 17.5 Amphibious living: the Dutch experience 17.6 Amphibious living: the Thai experience 17.6.1 Flash floods in Thailand 17.6.2 Amphibious houses of Thailand 17.7 Amphibious living: the Jamaican experience 17.7.1 Flood prone areas of Bliss Pastures and Port Maria 17.7.2 Amphibious houses of Jamaica 17.8 Comparative analysis 17.9 Conclusion References 18 Nature-based solutions and sponge city for urban water management Acronyms 18.1 Introduction 18.2 The study methodology 18.2.1 The data collection and analysis 18.2.2 Screening and eligibility 18.2.3 Quantitative analysis: a bibliometric analysis 18.2.4 Thematic analysis 18.2.5 Interviews for sponge city topic 18.3 The review of nature-based solutions to tackle water-related issues 18.3.1 The general statistical analysis and bibliometric analysis of publications of NBS on urban water issues 18.3.2 Thematic analysis 18.4 The discussion of sponge city as part of nature-based solutions 18.4.1 Bibliometric analysis of sponge city publications 18.4.2 Thematic analysis of sponge city publications 18.4.3 The relationships between sponge city and nature-based solutions on urban water management 18.5 Conclusions and future trends Acknowledgments Appendix References Index Adapting the Built Environment for Climate Change: Design Principles for Climate Emergencies analyzes several scenarios and proposes various adaptation strategies for climate emergencies (heat waves, wildfires, floods, and storms). Divided into three themes, the book offers an organized vision of a complex and multi-factor challenge. It covers climatic resilience and building refurbishment, implications for service life prediction and maintainability, and climate adaptation in the maintenance and management of buildings. Sections cover infrastructure materials, climate emergency adaptation and building adaptation to heat waves, wildfires, floods and storms. The book will be an essential reference resource for civil and structural engineers, architects, planners, designers and other professionals who have an interest in the adaptation of the built environment against climate change. Presents technical solutions for adaptation of the built environment against climate change Features multiple authors spanning both engineering and architectural disciplines Proposes a systematic approach to implement low carbon solutions and build capacity to make successful transitions to a resilient city