آدام اسمیت: ثروت ملل

Cover 1 Contents 4 Introduction and Plan of the Work 12 Book One: The Productive Powers of Labour 16 Chapter I 17 Of the Division of Labour 17 Chapter II 29 Of the Principle which gives occasion to the Division of Labour 29 Chapter III 35 That the Division of Labour is limited by the Extent of the Market 35 Chapter IV 41 Of the Origin and Use of Money 41 Chapter V 50 Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money 50 Chapter VI 73 Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities 73 Chapter VII 83 Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities 83 Chapter VIII 96 Of the Wages of Labour 96 Chapter IX 127 Of the Profits of Stock 127 Chapter X 142 Of Wages and Profit in the different Employments of Labour and Stock 142 PART 1 143 Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments themselves 143 PART 2 169 Inequalities by the Policy of Europe 169 Chapter XI 203 Of the Rent of Land 203 PART 1 206 Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent 206 PART 2 227 Of the Produce of Land which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent 227 PART 3 245 245 DIGRESSION CONCERNING THE VARIATIONS IN THE VALUE OF SILVER DURING THE COURSE OF THE FOUR LAST CENTURIES 248 First Period 248 Second Period 267 Third Period 269 VARIATIONS IN THE PROPORTION BETWEEN THE RESPECTIVE VALUES OF GOLD AND SILVER 292 GROUNDS OF THE SUSPICION THAT THE VALUE OF SILVER STILL CONTINUES TO DECREASE 299 DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF THE PROGRESS OF IMPROVEMENT UPON THREE DIFFERENT SORTS OF RUDE PRODUCE 301 First Sort 301 Second Sort 304 Third Sort 317 CONCLUSION OF THE DIGRESSION CONCERNING THE VARIATIONS IN THE VALUE OF SILVER 330 EFFECTS OF THE PROGRESS OF IMPROVEMENT UPON THE REAL PRICE OF MANUFACTURES 337 CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER 344 Tables Referred to in Chapter 11, Part 3 350 Book Two: Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock 359 Introduction 360 Chapter I 363 Of the Division of Stock 363 Chapter II 374 374 Chapter III 438 Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour 438 Chapter IV 465 Of Stock Lent at Interest 465 Chapter V 477 Book Three: Of the Different Progress of Opulence in Different Nations 499 Chapter I 500 Chapter II 507 Chapter III 523 Chapter IV 538 Book Four: Of Systems of Political Economy 556 Chapter I 558 Chapter II 589 Chapter III 617 PART 1 617 Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints even upon the Principles of the Commercial System 617 DIGRESSION CONCERNING BANKS OF DEPOSIT, PARTICULARLY CONCERNING THAT OF AMSTERDAM 625 PART 2 639 Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints upon other Principles 639 Chapter IV 654 Chapter V 662 DIGRESSION CONCERNING THE CORN TRADE AND CORN LAWS 686 Chapter VI 715 Chapter VII 732 PART 1 732 Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies 732 PART 2 744 Causes of Prosperity of New Colonies 744 PART 3 780 780 Chapter VIII 852 Chapter IX 880 Book Five: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth 921 Chapter I 922 Chapter II 1091 PART 1 1091 Of the Funds or Sources of Revenue which may peculiarly belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealth 1091 PART 2 1103 Of Taxes 1103 ARTICLE I 1107 Taxes upon Rent. Taxes upon the Rent of Land 1107 Taxes which are proportioned, not to the Rent, but to the Produce of Land 1119 Taxes upon the Rent of Houses 1124 1091 ARTICLE II 1135 Taxes on Profit, or upon the Revenue arising from Stock 1135 Taxes upon as Profit of particular Employments 1142 Appendix to ARTICLES I and II. 1151 Taxes upon the Capital Value of Land, Houses, and Stock 1151 ARTICLE III 1159 Taxes upon the Wages of Labour 1159 ARTICLE IV 1164 Taxes which, it is intended, should fall indifferently upon every different Species of Revenue 1164 Capitation Taxes 1164 Taxes upon Consumable Commodities 1167 Chapter III 1222