Actualization: Linguistic Change in Progress - Papers from a Workshop Held at the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, B. C. , 14 August 1999

'This collection of papers consolidates the observation that linguistic change typically is actualized step by step: any structural innovation being introduced, accepted, and generalized, over time, in one grammatical environment after another, in a progression that can be understood by reference to the markedness values and the ranking of the conditioning features. The Introduction to the volume and a chapter by Henning Andersen clarify the theoretical bases for this observation, which is exemplified and discussed in separate chapters by Kristin Bakken, Alexander Bergs and Dieter Stein, Vit Bubenik, Ulrich Busse, Marianne Mithun, Lene Schøsler, and John Charles Smith in the light of data from the histories of Norwegian, English, Hindi, Northern Iroquoian, and Romance. A final chapter by Michael Shapiro adds a philosophical perspective. The papers were first presented in a workshop on “Actualization Patterns in Linguistic Change” at the XIV International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, B.C. in 1999.' CILT 219 ACTUALIZATION 2 Editorial page 3 Title page 4 Copyright page 5 PREFACE 6 Table of contents 8 INTRODUCTION 10 0. Preamble 10 1. The papers 12 2. Discussion 19 3. Conclusion 26 REFERENCES 27 MARKEDNESS AND THE THEORY OF LINGUISTIC CHANGE 30 0. Introduction 30 1. Markedness in synchrony 33 2. Markedness in diachrony 39 3. An analytic account of markedness 46 4. Conclusion 61 REFERENCES 61 PATTERNS OF RESTITUTION OF SOUND CHANGE 68 1. Introduction 68 2. Data 70 3. Results 72 4. Discussion 76 REFERENCES 85 THE ROLE OF MARKEDNESS IN THE ACTUATION AND ACTUALIZATION OF LINGUISTIC CHANGE 88 0. Introduction 88 1. Markedness agreement: agreement in what? 89 2. The problem 91 3. A short history of English relative particles 91 4. Periphrastic do 98 Addendum: Heavenly language. 99 REFERENCES 101 ON THE ACTUALIZATION OF THE PASSIVE-TO-ERGATIVE SHIFT IN PRE-ISLAMIC INDIA 104 0. Introduction 104 1. Functionalism and markedness 104 2. Reconstructing sociolinguistic variation in Pre-Islamic India 109 3. Multiple analyses in the actualization of the passive-to-ergative shift 113 4. Noniconic relationships between morphology and semantics 120 5. Syntactic ambiguity in late Middle Indo-Aryan absolute constructions 122 6. Conclusions 124 REFERENCES 127 THE USE OF ADDRESS PRONOUNS IN SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS AND SONNETS 128 0. The development of address pronouns in Early Modern English 128 1. On the use of address pronouns in the Shakespeare Corpus 129 2. Corpus study 132 3. Summary and conclusion 146 REFERENCES 148 ACTUALIZATION PATTERNS IN GRAMMATICALIZATION: FROM CLAUSE TO LOCATIVE MORPHOLOGY IN NORTHERN IROQUOIAN 152 1. Stimulus to reanalysis: structural ambiguity 154 2. Actualization 165 3. Motivating forces 174 REFERENCES 176 FROM LATIN TO MODERN FRENCH: ACTUALIZATION AND MARKEDNESS 178 0. Introduction 178 1. Morphosyntax 178 2. Syntax 185 3. Conclusion 191 REFERENCES 192 MARKEDNESS, CAUSATION, AND LINGUISTIC CHANGE: A SEMIOTIC PERSPECTIVE 196 1. Instead of prolegomena: a philosopher's-eye view of language 196 2. Nominalism and realism in linguistics 202 3. Semiosis and linguistic change: efficient and final causation 205 4. Markedness in a theory of change 208 REFERENCES 209 MARKEDNESS, FUNCTIONALITY, AND PERSEVERATION IN THE ACTUALIZATION OF A MORPHOSYNTACTIC CHANGE 212 0. Introduction 212 1. Markedness and morphosyntactic change 212 2. Functionality and morphosyntactic change 215 3. Markedness, functionality, and object-participle agreement 216 4. Conclusion 226 REFERENCES 227 ACTUALIZATION AND THE (UNI)DIRECTIONALITY OF CHANGE 234 0. Introduction 234 1. Actualization: observable innovations in usage 234 2. On the (uni)directionality of chang 248 3. Conclusion 254 REFERENCES 255 GENERAL INDEX 258 This Collection Of Papers Consolidates The Observation That Linguistic Change Typically Is Actualized Step By Step: Any Structural Innovation Being Introduced, Accepted, And Generalized, Over Time, In One Grammatical Environment After Another, In A Progression That Can Be Understood By Reference To The Markedness Values And The Ranking Of The Conditioning Features. The Introduction To The Volume And A Chapter By Henning Andersen Clarify The Theoretical Bases For This Observation, Which Is Exemplified And Discussed In Separate Chapters By Kristin Bakken, Alexander Bergs And Dieter Stein, Vit Bubenik, Ulrich Busse, Marianne Mithun, Lene Schosler, And John Charles Smith In The Light Of Data From The Histories Of Norwegian, English, Hindi, Northern Iroquoian, And Romance. A Final Chapter By Michael Shapiro Adds A Philosophical Perspective. The Papers Were First Presented In A Workshop On Actualization Patterns In Linguistic Change At The Xiv International Conference On Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, B.c. In 1999. Position paper : markedness and the theory of change / Henning Andersen Patterns of restitution of sound change / Kristin Bakken The role of markedness in the actuation and actualization of linguistic change / Alexander Bergs and Dieter Stein On the actualization of the passive-to-ergative shift in pre-Islamic India / Vit Bubenik The use of address pronouns in early modern English / Ulrich Busse Actualization patterns in grammaticalization : from clause to locative morphology in Northern Iroquoian / Marianne Mithun From Latin to modern French / Lene Schøsler Markedness, causation, and linguistic change / Michael Shapiro Markedness, functionality, and perseveration in the actualization of a morphosyntactic change / John Charles Smith Actualization and the (uni)directionality of change / Henning Andersen. This collection of papers seeks to consolidate the observation that the progression of certain kinds of linguistic change typically is grammatically conditioned - any given innovation being realized in usage, as it is introduced, accepted, and generalized over time.