Acts of Compassion in Greek Tragic Drama (Volume 53) (Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture)

The ability of human beings to feel compassion or empathy for one another - and express that emotion by offering comfort or assistance - is an important antidote to violence and aggression. In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer and the tragic dramas performed each spring in the Theater of Dionysus offered citizens valuable lessons concerning the necessity and proper application of compassionate action. This book is the first full-length examination of compassion ( eleos or oiktos in Greek) as a dramatic theme in ancient Greek literature. Through careful textual analysis, James F. Johnson surveys the treatment of compassion in the epics of Homer, especially the Iliad, and in the works of the three great Athenian tragedians: Aischylos, Euripides, and Sophokles. He emphasizes reciprocity, reverence, and retribution as defining features of Greek compassion during the Homeric and Archaic periods. In framing his analysis, Johnson distinguishes compassion from pity. Whereas in English the word ""pity"" suggests an attitude of superiority toward the sufferer, the word ""compassion"" has a more positive connotation and implies equality in status between subject and object. Although scholars have conventionally translated eleos and oiktos as ""pity,"" Johnson argues that our modern-day notion of compassion comes closest to encompassing the meaning of those two Greek words. Beginning with Homer, eleos normally denotes an emotion that entails action of some sort, whereas oiktos usually refers to the emotion itself. Johnson also draws associations between compassion and the concepts of fear and pity, which Aristotle famously attributed to tragedy. Because the Athenian plays are tragedies, they mainly show the disastrous consequences of a world where compassion falls short. At the same time, they offer glimpses into a world where compassion can generate a more beneficial - and therefore more hopeful - outcome. Their message resonates with today's readers as much as it did for fifth-century Athenians. The Ability Of Human Beings To Feel Compassion Or Empathy For One Another—and Express That Emotion By Offering Comfort Or Assistance—is An Important Antidote To Violence And Aggression. In Ancient Greece, The Epics Of Homer And The Tragic Dramas Performed Each Spring In The Theater Of Dionysus Offered Citizens Valuable Lessons Concerning The Necessity And Proper Application Of Compassionate Action. This Book Is The First Full-length Examination Of Compassion (eleos Or Oiktos In Greek) As A Dramatic Theme In Ancient Greek Literature. Through Careful Textual Analysis, James F. Johnson Surveys The Treatment Of Compassion In The Epics Of Homer, Especially The Iliad, And In The Works Of The Three Great Athenian Tragedians: Aischylos, Euripides, And Sophokles. He Emphasizes Reciprocity, Reverence, And Retribution As Defining Features Of Greek Compassion During The Homeric And Archaic Periods. In Framing His Analysis, Johnson Distinguishes Compassion From Pity.^ Whereas In English The Word “pity” Suggests An Attitude Of Superiority Toward The Sufferer, The Word “compassion” Has A More Positive Connotation And Implies Equality In Status Between Subject And Object. Although Scholars Have Conventionally Translated Eleos And Oiktos As “pity,” Johnson Argues That Our Modern-day Notion Of Compassion Comes Closest To Encompassing The Meaning Of Those Two Greek Words. Beginning With Homer, Eleos Normally Denotes An Emotion That Entails Action Of Some Sort, Whereas Oiktos Usually Refers To The Emotion Itself. Johnson Also Draws Associations Between Compassion And The Concepts Of Fear And Pity, Which Aristotle Famously Attributed To Tragedy. Because The Athenian Plays Are Tragedies, They Mainly Show The Disastrous Consequences Of A World Where Compassion Falls Short. At The Same Time, They Offer Glimpses Into A World Where Compassion Can Generate A More Beneficial—and Therefore More Hopeful—outcome.^ Their Message Resonates With Today’s Readers As Much As It Did For Fifth-century Athenians. Homer And Archaic Greece -- Fifth-century Athens -- Aischylos -- Euripides -- Sophokles. James Franklin Johnson. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1. Homer and Archaic Greece: The Traditional Elements The Religious Nature of Supplication Compassion and Reciprocity: Early Connections Shared Humanity and Common Vulnerability Compassion toward Enemies The Case of Akhilleus Limitations of Compassion toward Friends The Poet’s Perspective Compassion in the Archaic Period Conclusion: Compassion in Homer and Archaic Greece From Epic to Tragedy Chapter 2. Fifth-Century Athens: The Social, Political, and Intellectual Contexts of Athenian Tragedy Athenian Tragic Theater Athenian Courts The Athenian Assembly Athenian Social Structure Limitations and Denials of Compassion Conclusion Chapter 3. Aischylos: Compassion from a Distance Seven Against Thebes Persians Suppliants Oresteia Prometheus Bound Conclusion with Reflections on the Trilogy Concluding Reflections on Aischylos and Compassion Chapter 4. Euripides: Compassion on Trial Compassion Shown but Problematized Compassion Denied Summary and Discussion of Other Examples of Compassion Denied or Not Felt Compassion Abused Human Compassion in Defiance of Divine Spite: Herakles Concluding Reflections on Euripides and Compassion Chapter 5. Sophokles: Classic Compassion Early Sophoklean Plays and Fragments Elektra Philoktetes Oidipous at Kolonos Concluding Reflections on Sophokles and Compassion Conclusion: Homer and the Three Tragedians Compassionate Heroes, Gods, and Choruses Common Patterns Compassion and Character Benefits of Compassionate Behavior Compassion and Reciprocity: Concluding Considerations Notes Bibliography Index