Activation Methods: Sonochemistry and High Pressure (Chemistry: Eco-compatibility of Organic Synthesis Set Book 2)

Activation Methods examines recent improvements in the utilization of ultrasonic waves and pressurized gases to generate reactions. A straightforward method to use, sonochemistry allows chemical reactions to be carried out under ultrasound without the need for external heat, reagents or catalysts – leading to high yields and the production of a minimum amount of waste. This book presents an overview of the main applications of sonochemistry in green organic chemistry, with an emphasis on texts published within the last few years. High-pressure chemical reactions offer innovative solutions to problems relating to synthesis. They allow access to new products and a further understanding of reaction mechanisms. This book presents the characteristics of hyperbaric activation, which allow the integration of an arsenal of tools for green chemistry, such as the lowering of energy costs and of by-products, as well as the possibility of using substrates that are sterically congested and generally inert. Content: Chapter 1. Organic Sonochemistry: Ultrasound in Green Organic Synthesis 1Micheline DRAYE, Julien ESTAGER and Nathalie KARDOS1.1. Introduction: history of ultrasound, organic sonochemistry and early work 21.1.1. The history of ultrasound and organic sonochemistry 21.1.2. Pioneering work in organic sonochemistry 41.2. Some elements of ultrasound theory 141.2.1. Bubble dynamics 171.2.2. Factors affecting cavitation 211.2.3. Estimation of ultrasonic parameters 231.3. Laboratory and industrial equipment 281.3.1. Ultrasonic bath 291.3.2. Ultrasonic probes 311.3.3. High frequency reactors 321.3.4. Cup-horn reactors 321.3.5. Continuous reactors 331.4. Green organic sonochemistry 341.4.1. True and false sonochemistry 341.4.2. Synthesis in a homogeneous and heterogeneous system 351.4.3. Synthesis in a heterogeneous system 371.5. Sonochemistry in unconventional environments 531.5.1. Physical activator 531.5.2. Solvent-free chemistry 541.5.3. Ionic liquids and ultrasound 551.5.4. Sonochemistry in water 601.5.5. Sonochemistry in glycerol 641.5.6. Enzymatic chemistry under ultrasound 661.5.7. Sonoelectrosynthesis 741.6. Conclusion 741.7. References 76Chapter 2. High-Pressure Synthesis: An Eco-friendly Chemistry 95Isabelle CHATAIGNER and Jacques MADDALUNO2.1. High pressures in synthetic chemistry 952.2. Important concepts 972.2.1. Physicochemistry of high pressures 972.2.2. Activation volume 1012.2.3. Effect of high pressures on the solvent 1042.3. Instrumentation 1052.3.1. How can we generate high pressures? 1052.3.2. Choice of equipment 1082.3.3. Safety of the installations 1122.4. Applications 1142.4.1. Cycloaddition and annulation reactions 1142.4.2. Nucleophilic addition reactions 1252.4.3. Substitution reactions 1362.4.4. Metallocatalyzed reactions 1382.5. Conclusion 1392.6. References 140List of Authors 151Index 153 "'Activation Methods' examines recent improvements in the utilization of ultrasonic waves and pressurized gases to generate reactions. A straightforward method to use, sonochemistry allows chemical reactions to be carried out under ultrasound without the need for external heat, reagents or catalysts -- leading to high yields and the production of a minimum amount of waste. This book presents an overview of the main applications of sonochemistry in green organic chemistry, with an emphasis on texts published within the last few years. High-pressure chemical reactions offer innovative solutions to problems relating to synthesis. They allow access to new products and a further understanding of reaction mechanisms. This book presents the characteristics of hyperbaric activation, which allow the integration of an arsenal of tools for green chemistry, such as the lowering of energy costs and of by-products, as well as the possibility of using substrates that are sterically congested and generally inert"--Page 4 of cover Front Matter -- Organic Sonochemistry: Ultrasound in Green Organic Synthesis / Micheline Draye, Julien Estager, Nathalie Kardos -- High-Pressure Synthesis: An Eco-friendly Chemistry / Isabelle Chataigner, Jacques Maddaluno