Actinobacteria : Application in Bioremediation and Production of Industrial Enzymes

This book describes isolated actinobacteria from different environments, and how these can be used to bioremediate heavy metals and pesticides in contaminated sites. It also describes how free-living actinobacteria acquire the capability to produce nodules in plants and how this factor could be important for accelerating the degradation of pesticides in soils or slurries. Some chapters show how actinobacteria can be used to produce industrial enzymes and metabolites under different physicochemical conditions for use in the food industry. This book will interest professionals involved with waste management, environmental protection, and pollution abatement. Actinobacteria: Application in Bioremediation and Production of Industrial Enzymes......Page 4 Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Introduction......Page 10 Actinomycetes Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Ochetophila trinervis......Page 11 Selected Strains for Plant Growth Studies......Page 12 Degradation of natural substrates......Page 14 Production of phytohormones by actinomycetes......Page 16 Antifungal compounds......Page 17 Solubilization of inorganic phosphorus......Page 18 Comparison Between Rhizobial and Actinorhizal Symbioses......Page 19 Helper Effect of Saprophytic Actinomycetes on N-fixing Symbioses......Page 20 Aspects of ecological importance and applications of rhizospheric actinomycetes......Page 25 References Cited......Page 28 Introduction......Page 35 Heavy Metal Contamination......Page 36 Mobility and Bioavailabilty of Heavy Metals in Soil......Page 37 Environmetal Remediation......Page 39 Soil Microorganisms and Heavy Metal......Page 40 Actinobacteria......Page 42 Influence of Culture Medium Composition on Heavy Metal Clean up......Page 43 References Cited......Page 49 Introduction......Page 53 Morphology of Streptomyces sp. MC1 under Cr(VI)-exposure......Page 55 Amycolatopsis tucumanensis DSM 45259T morphology upon Cu(II)-exposure......Page 59 Heavy metals and antioxidant enzymes......Page 60 Conclusion......Page 62 References......Page 63 Introduction......Page 65 Silent, sleeping and cryptic genes......Page 66 Antibiotics producing actinobacteria......Page 67 Heavy metal resistance of actinobacteria......Page 71 Genetic control of antibiotic production......Page 73 Activation of sleeping genes and potential of metal-based screening......Page 75 Conclusions......Page 77 Acknowledgements......Page 78 References......Page 79 Heavy metals and remediation strategies......Page 83 Bioremediation as sustainable strategy for cleaning up the environment......Page 84 Copper duality......Page 85 Copper resistance and cupric reductase activity......Page 86 Bioremediation of copper-contaminated soil microcosms......Page 88 Antioxidant response upon copper-induced stress......Page 89 Morphological damage in copper-challenged cultures......Page 91 References Cited......Page 93 Introduction......Page 96 Re-vitalisation through Soil Amendments......Page 98 Microbial Biomass and Activity......Page 99 Changes in Microbial Diversity......Page 100 Microbially Assisted Phytoextraction......Page 101 Metal Uptake into Plant Biomass......Page 103 Transfer and Bioconcentration......Page 108 Conclusion......Page 110 References......Page 111 Introduction......Page 115 Selection of Cr(VI) Concentration......Page 118 Evaluation of Chromium Removal Ability of Streptomyces sp. MC1 in Non Sterile Soil Samples......Page 119 Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect of Chromium on Z. mays Seedlings......Page 121 Use of Z. mays as Bioindicator......Page 125 References Cited......Page 128 Introduction......Page 131 Isolation and Selection of Cd Resistant Actinobacteria Strains......Page 133 Taxonomic Description and Physiological Characterization of Streptomyces sp. F4......Page 135 Cadmium Removal from Liquid Medium......Page 136 Electron Microscopy (TEM and SEM)......Page 138 Bioremediation assays on soils......Page 140 Acknowledgments......Page 142 References Cited......Page 143 Introduction......Page 145 Chemistry......Page 146 Major uses and sources......Page 147 Microbiology......Page 149 Transport into the cell......Page 150 Biotechnology......Page 151 Soil......Page 154 Food......Page 155 Situation in Salta......Page 156 Area of study and sampling scheme......Page 158 Isolation and preservation of strains......Page 159 Ability to grow at different temperatures and with NaCl......Page 160 Physiological and chemical characterization......Page 161 Growth in the Presence of Boron......Page 163 Qualitative screening......Page 165 Semi-quantitative screening......Page 166 Growth in liquid medium......Page 167 Final Remarks......Page 168 References Cited......Page 169 Introduction......Page 174 Pesticides in the environment......Page 176 Bioremediation of contaminated soils......Page 178 Biobeds as a tool to prevent pesticide pollution......Page 180 General characteristics of actinobacteria......Page 182 Pesticide degradation by actinobacteria......Page 183 Actinobacteria and biobeds......Page 191 Concluding Remarks......Page 194 References......Page 195 Introduction......Page 201 Pure cultures growing on minimal medium......Page 203 Lindane removal......Page 204 Specific dechlorinase activity......Page 207 Surfactant activity......Page 208 Mixed cultures growing on soil extract medium......Page 209 Mixed cultures growing on maize plant......Page 210 References Cited......Page 212 Introduction......Page 215 Selection of Actinobacteria Strains Able to Grow in the Presence of Lindane......Page 218 Specific Dechlorinase Activity (SDA) and Lindane Removal in Pure Cultures of Streptomyces......Page 220 Specific Dechlorinase Activity (SDA) and Lindane Removal in Mixed Cultures of Streptomyces......Page 222 Selection of the Most Efficient Microbial Consortium for Lindane Biodegradation......Page 228 Bioremediation of Lindane Contaminated Soil......Page 230 References Cited......Page 231 Introduction......Page 236 Bacterial Growth and Technical-grade Chlordane Removal by Streptomyces Strains in Minimal Medium......Page 238 Selection of the Most Efficient Chlordane-degrading Streptomyces Strain......Page 240 Influence of pH, Temperature and Concentration of Chlordane on its Degradation by Streptomyces sp. A5......Page 241 Bioremediation of Chlordane-contaminated Sterile Soil by Streptomyces sp. A5......Page 245 Conclusions......Page 246 References Cited......Page 247 Introduction......Page 250 Temperate and cold environments of Europe and Asia......Page 251 Arid environments of Asia, Australia and South America......Page 253 Extreme cold environments of Arctic and Antarctica......Page 254 Rhodococci exhibit a broad capability for degrading diverse pollutants......Page 255 Flexibility of the rhodococcal metabolism......Page 258 Aliphatic hydrocarbons......Page 261 Aliphatic substituted hydrocarbons......Page 265 Monoaromatic hydrocarbons......Page 267 Polyaromatic compounds......Page 268 Isoprenoid hydrocarbons......Page 270 References......Page 275 Introduction......Page 283 Isolation and molecular identification......Page 285 Colony description and formation of melanoid pigment......Page 286 Resistance to sodium chloride......Page 287 Resistance to lysozyme......Page 288 β-glucosidase, cellulase, hemicelullase and xylanase......Page 289 α-L-rhamnosidase......Page 290 Protease, amylase and lipase......Page 291 References Cited......Page 292 Index......Page 294 Color Plate Section......Page 296