Acid rain 2000 : Proceedings from the 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition: Looking back to the past and thinking of the future Tsukuba, Japan, 10-16 December 2000. Volume III/III Conference Statement Plenary and Keynote Papers

The Acid Rain 2000 Conference in Tsukuba, Japan, held 10-16 December 2000, was the sixth such conference in the series, starting with Columbus, Ohio, USA, in 1975, and including Sandefjord, Norway, in 1980, Muskoka, Canada, in 1985, Glasgow, UK, in 1990, and Göteborg, Sweden, in 1995. This series of International Conferences on the acid rain problem has made a very important contribution to the process of summarising the state of current understanding and making this information available. In the 6th Conference, approximately 600 papers were presented, including talks and posters. About 300 peer-reviewed papers from the presentation appear in this volume, and will provide readers with a comprehensive review of the history and scientific aspects of the acid rain problem. The papers appear in three volumes: the first containing the plenary and keynote papers and the other two the remaining scientific papers. (Volume 1: ISBN 0-7923-7132-1; Volume 2: ISBN 0-7923-7133-X; Volume 3: ISBN 0-7923-7134-8). The Conference was arranged under the joint auspices of The Science Council of Japan, The Japanese Society of Limnology (representative academic society), Japan Association of Aerosol Science and Technology, The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment, Chemical Society of Japan, The Ecological Society of Japan, The Japanese Society of Environmental Education, Society of Environmental Science, Japan, The Japanese Forestry Society, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, and Japan Society on Water Environment, with the cooperation of Ibaraki Prefecture and Japan Environment Agency. Front Matter....Pages i-xxx Annual Variations of Needle Surface Characteristics of Pinus Sylvestris Growing Near the Emission Source....Pages 923-928 Pine Needle Chemistry Near a Large Point SO 2 Source in Northern Fennoscandia....Pages 929-934 Determination of Deposition and Leaves in Teak Plantations in Thailand....Pages 935-940 Annual Changes in Some Physiological Properties of Cryptomeria Japonica Leaves from Kanto, Japan....Pages 941-946 Increasing Tropospheric Ozone Level Reduced Birch ( Betula Pendula ) Dry Mass within a Five Years Period....Pages 947-952 Effects of Simulated Acid Mist on a Sitka Spruce Forest Approaching Canopy Closure: Significance of Acidified Versus Non-Acidified Nitrogen Inputs....Pages 953-958 Impacts of Ambient Ozone and/or Acid Mist on the Growth of 14 Tree Species: An Open-Top Chamber Study Conducted in Japan....Pages 959-964 Effects of Ozone and/or Soil Water Stress on Growth and Photosynthesis of Fagaus Crenata Seedlings....Pages 965-970 Effects of Ozone and/or Excess Soil Nitrogen on Growth, Needle Gas Exchange Rates and Rubisco Contents of Pinus densiflora Seedlings....Pages 971-976 Neutralization of Acid Droplets on Plant Leaf Surfaces....Pages 977-982 Relationship Between Norway Spruce Status and Soil Water Base Cations/Aluminum Ratios in the Czech Republic....Pages 983-988 Increased Levels of Aluminium in Forest Soils: Effects on the Stores of Soil Organic Carbon....Pages 989-994 Testing the Aluminium Toxicity Hypothesis: A Field Manipulation Experiment in Mature Spruce Forest in Norway....Pages 995-1000 Soil Solution Chemistry in Forests with Granite Bedrock in Japan....Pages 1001-1006 Growth, Net Photosynthetic Rate, Nutrient Status and Secondary Xylem Anatomical Characteristics of Fagus crenata Seedlings Grown in Brown Forest Soil Acidified with H 2 SO 4 Solution....Pages 1007-1012 Differential Ability of the Root to Change Rhizosphere PH Between Chamaecyparis Obtusa Sieb . (Hinoki) and Quercus Serrata Thumb.(Konara) Under Aluminium Stress....Pages 1013-1018 Sensitivity of a Japanese Earthworm ( Allolobophora Japonica ) to Soil Acidity....Pages 1019-1024 Effects of Natural Soil Acidification on Biodiversity in Boreal Forest Ecosystems....Pages 1025-1030 Impacts from Deposition on Swedish Forest Ecosystems Identified by Integrated Monitoring....Pages 1031-1036 Foliar Nitrogen as an Indicator of Nitrogen Deposition and Critical Loads Exceedance on a European Scale....Pages 1037-1042 Comparison of the Effects of Wet N Deposition (NH 4 Cl) and Dry N Deposition (NH 3 ) on UK Moorland Species....Pages 1043-1048 Accumulation of Nutrients in Above and Below Ground Biomass in Response to Ammonium Sulphate Addition in a Norway Spruce Stand in Southwest Sweden....Pages 1049-1054 Long-Term Monitoring of Atmospheric Deposition and the Implications of Ionic Inputs for the Sustainability of a Coniferous Forest Ecosystem....Pages 1055-1060 Nitrification and Methane Oxidation in Forest Soil: Acid Deposition, Nitrogen Input and Plant Effects....Pages 1061-1066 The Relationship Between Topsoil and Stream Sediment Heavy Metal Concentrations and Acidification....Pages 1067-1072 Integrated Monitoring Program on Acidification of Chinese Terrestrial Systems (Impacts) — A Chinese-Norwegian Cooperation Project....Pages 1073-1078 Chemical Composition of Precipitation, Throughfall and Soil Solutions at Two Forested Sites in Guangzhou, South China....Pages 1079-1084 Acidification of Red Pine Forest Soil Due to Acidic Deposition in Chunchon, Korea....Pages 1085-1090 Elevational Patterns of Acid Deposition Into a Forest and Nitrogen Saturation on Mt. Oyama, Japan.....Pages 1091-1096 Acidification of a Small Stream on Kureha Hill Caused by Nitrate Leached from a Forested Watershed....Pages 1097-1102 Nitrogen Retention in Japanese Cedar Stands in Northern Honshu, with High Nitrogen Deposition....Pages 1103-1108 Soil Solution Chemistry in Japanese Cedar Stands in Northern Honshu, with High Nitrogen Deposition....Pages 1109-1114 Sulfate and Nitrate Loads on a Forest Ecosystem in Kochi in Southwest of Japan....Pages 1115-1120 Deposition Patterns of SO 4 2- NO 3 - and H + in the Brazilian Territory....Pages 1121-1126 Carbon Stock, Afforestation and Acidic Deposition: An Analysis of Inter-Relation with Reference to Arid Areas....Pages 1127-1132 Multi-Effect Critical Loads Used in Multi-Pollutant Reduction Agreements in Europe....Pages 1133-1138 Characterization of Critical Load Exceedances in Europe....Pages 1139-1144 Estimation of the Maximum Critical Load for Sulfur in South Korea....Pages 1145-1150 Regional Air Pollution and Climate Change in Europe: An Integrated Assessment (Air-Clim)....Pages 1151-1156 Calculating Critical Loads of Sulfur Deposition for 100 Surface Waters in China Using the Magic Model....Pages 1157-1162 Effects of Site Selection Strategy on Freshwater Critical Load Exceedances in Wales....Pages 1163-1168 Variation in Freshwater Critical Loads Across Two Upland Catchments in the UK: Implications for Catchment Scale Management....Pages 1169-1174 Variability in Mapping Acidification Risk Scenarios for Terrestrial Ecosystems in Asian Countries....Pages 1175-1180 Air Pollution Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems in Estonia....Pages 1181-1186 Critical Loads of Acid Deposition for Ecosystems in South China — Derived by a New Method....Pages 1187-1192 Critical Loads of Acidity for Forest Ecosystems of North Asia....Pages 1193-1198 Calculation and Mapping of Critical Loads for S, N and Acidity in China....Pages 1199-1204 A Literature Review of Uncertainties in Studies of Critical Loads for Acidic Deposition....Pages 1205-1210 Acid Deposition and Critical Load Map of Tokyo....Pages 1211-1216 Steady-State and Dynamic Assessment of Forest Soil Acidification in Switzerland....Pages 1217-1222 Deposition and Critical Loads of Nitrogen in Switzerland....Pages 1223-1228 Assessing Potential Impacts on Biodiversity Using Critical Loads....Pages 1229-1234 Mapping the Potential Sensitivity of Surface Waters to Acidification Using Measured Freshwater Critical Loads as an Indicator of Acid Sensitive Areas....Pages 1235-1240 Calculating Weathering Rates of Stream Catchments in the English Lake District Using Critical Element Ratios, Mass-Balance Budgets and the Magic Model....Pages 1241-1246 Adapting the Profile Model to Calculate the Critical Loads for East Asian Soils by Including Volcanic Glass Weathering and Alternative Aluminum Solubility System....Pages 1247-1252 Hydrogeochemical Conditions Affecting Acidification of Stream Water in Mountainous Watersheds....Pages 1253-1258 Estimation of Mineral Weathering Rates Under Field Conditions Based on Base Cation Budget and Strontium Isotope Ratios....Pages 1259-1264 Calculation and Mapping of Sulfur Critical Loads for Terrestrial Ecosystems of Thailand....Pages 1265-1270 Predicting Reversibility of Acidification: The European Sulfur Story....Pages 1271-1276 Effects of Acid Deposition on Forest Soils in Northernmost Russia: Modelled and Field Data....Pages 1277-1282 Dynamic Modelling of Spatially Variable Catchment Hydrochemistry for Critical Loads Assessment....Pages 1283-1288 Integrated Modelling of Acidification Effects to Forest Ecosystems — Model Sonox....Pages 1289-1294 Prediction of Soil Acidification Using a Dymanic Model at a Bamboo Forest in Osaka Prefecture....Pages 1295-1300 Magic Modeling of Long-Term Lake Water and Soil Chemistry at Abborrträsket, Northern Sweden....Pages 1301-1306 Monitoring Acid Waters in the UK: 1988–1998 Trends....Pages 1307-1312 Planktonic and Littoral Microcrustaceans as Indices of Recovery in Limed Lakes in SE Norway....Pages 1313-1318 Crustacean Communities in Canada and Norway: Comparison of Species Along a pH Gradient....Pages 1319-1324 Correlation between Microcrustaceans and Environmental Variables Along an Acidification Gradient in Sudbury, Canada....Pages 1325-1330 The River Bjerkreim in SW Norway — Successful Chemical and Biological Recovery After Liming....Pages 1331-1336 Can Phosphate Help Acidified Lakes to Recover?....Pages 1337-1342 Atlantic Salmon and Acidification in Southern Norway: A Disaster in the 20th Century, but a Hope for the Future?....Pages 1343-1348 The Return of the Salmon....Pages 1349-1354 Recovery of Young Brown Trout in Some Acidified Streams in Southwestern and Western Norway....Pages 1355-1360 Low Success Rate in Re-Establishing European Perch in Some Highly Acidified Lakes in Southernmost Norway....Pages 1361-1366 Recovery of the Perch ( Perca Fluviatilis ) in an Acidified Lake and Subsequent Responses in Macroinvertebrates and the Goldeneye ( Bucephala Clangula )....Pages 1367-1372 Patterns in Water Quality and Fish Status of Some Acidified Lakes in Southern Finland During a Decade: Recovery Proceeding....Pages 1373-1378 Acidification and Liming of River Vikedal, Western Norway. A 20 Year Study of Responses in the Benthic Invertebrate Fauna....Pages 1379-1384 Sublittoral Chironomids as Indicators of Acidity (Diptera: Chironomidae)....Pages 1385-1390 Reappearance of Highly Acid-Sensitive Invertebrates after Liming of an Alpine Lake Ecosystem....Pages 1391-1396 A Strategic Appraisal of Options to Ameliorate Regional Acidification....Pages 1397-1402 Effects of in-Lake Retention of Nitrogen on Critical Load Calculations....Pages 1403-1408 Flow and pH Modelling to Study the Effects of Liming in Regulated, Acid Salmon Rivers....Pages 1409-1414 Does Acidification Policy Follow Research in Northern Sweden? The Case of Natural Acidity During the 1990’s....Pages 1415-1420 Effects of Reduced S Deposition on Large-Scale Transport of Sulphur in Swedish Rivers....Pages 1421-1426 Recovery Pattern from Acidification of Headwater Lakes in Finland....Pages 1427-1432 Decrease in Acid Deposition - Recovery in Norwegian Waters....Pages 1433-1438 Liming of Acid and Metal Contaminated Catchments for the Improvement of Drainage Water Quality....Pages 1439-1444 Trends in Soil Water Composition at a Heavily Polluted Site — effects of Decreased S-Deposition and Variations in Precipitation....Pages 1445-1450 Simulated Acid Rain Leaching Characteristics of Acid Soil Amended with Bio-Briquette Combustion Ash....Pages 1451-1456 UN ECE ICP Materials: Dose-Response Functions on Dry and Wet Acid Deposition Effects After 8 Years of Exposure....Pages 1457-1462 Regional Characteristics of Copper Corrosion Components in East Asia....Pages 1463-1468 Mapping of Acid Deposition Effects and Calculation of Corrosion Costs on Zinc in China....Pages 1469-1474 Environmental Monitoring of Rock Carvings in Scandinavia....Pages 1475-1480 Effect of Simulated Acid Rain on Deterioration of Concrete....Pages 1481-1486 Effects of Acid Deposition on Urushi Lacquer in East Asia....Pages 1487-1492 Trends in Airborne Suplhur and Nitrogen Compounds in Norway During 1985–1996 in Relation to Air Mass Origin....Pages 1493-1498 Chemical Composition and Acidity of Precipitation: A Monitoring Program in Northeastern Vietnam....Pages 1499-1504 Atmospheric Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in China and Korea Measured by Using the Improved Passive Sampling Method....Pages 1505-1510 Study on Sampling Method of Rainfall, Throughfall, and Stemflow to Monitor the Effect of Acid Deposition on Forest Ecosystem....Pages 1511-1516 Fog and Precipitation Chemistry at Mt. Rokko in Kobe, April 1997-March 1998....Pages 1517-1522 Development of Automatic Continuous Measurement System of Chemical Constituents in the Precipitation....Pages 1523-1528 Mapping of Concentrations in Europe Combining Measurements and Acid Deposition Models....Pages 1529-1534 Influence of Acid Deposition on Inland Water Chemistry-A Case Study from Hyogo Prefecture, Japan....Pages 1535-1540 Assessing the Suitability of Acid Neutralising Capacity as a Measure of Long-Term Trends in Acidic Waters Based on Two Parallel Datasets....Pages 1541-1546 Spatial and Temporal Variability in Ozone Concentration Level at Two Lithuanian Stations....Pages 1547-1552 Characteristics of So 2 , No 2 , Soot and Benzo(A)Pyrene Concentration Variation on the Eastern Coast of the Baltic Sea....Pages 1553-1558 Peroxide Concentrations in Fog Water at Mountainous Sites in Japan....Pages 1559-1564 Black Acidic Rime Ice in the Remote Island of Yakushima, a World Natural Heritage Area....Pages 1565-1570 Acid Deposition in Bandung, Indonesia....Pages 1571-1576 Tracing Pollution and its Sources with Isotopes....Pages 1577-1582 Sequential Leaching of Volcanic Soil to Determine Plant-Available Cations and the Provenance of Soil Minerals Using Sr Isotopes....Pages 1583-1588 Determination and Speciation of Aluminum in Environmental Samples by Cation Exchange High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with High Resolution ICP-MS Detection....Pages 1589-1594 Standardisation of Methods for Long-Term Monitoring....Pages 1595-1600 A New Approach for Characterization of Single Raindrops....Pages 1601-1606 Stability of Ionic Components in Precipitation Samples — A Case Study in Taipei....Pages 1607-1612 Quality Control and its Constraints during the Preparatory-Phase Activities of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET)....Pages 1613-1618 Cost-Effective Abatement of Acidifying Emissions with Flue Gas Cleaning Vs. Fuel Switching in Finland....Pages 1619-1624 Wet Deposition to an Upland Area of England in 1988 and 1999: Measurements and Modelling....Pages 1625-1630 Atmospheric so 2 Pollution and Acidity of Rain in Changchun China....Pages 1631-1634 The Importance of Calcium Deposition in Assessing Impacts of Acid Deposition in China....Pages 1635-1640 Fluxes and Trends of Nitrogen and Sulphur Compounds at Integrated Monitoring Sites in Europe....Pages 1641-1648 Long Term Trend of Chemical Constituents in Tokyo Metropolitan Area in Japan....Pages 1649-1654 Sea Ice Approach and Chemical Species in Precipitation at Abashiri, Japan....Pages 1655-1660 Long-Term Monitoring Study on Rain, Throughfall, and Stemflow Chemistry in Evergreen Coniforous Forests in Hokkaido, Northern Japan....Pages 1661-1666 Aerosol and Precipitation Chemistry During the Summer at the Summit of Mt. Fuji, Japan (3776M A.S.L.)....Pages 1667-1672 Geographical and Temporal Variations of Chemical Constituents in Winter Precipitation Collected in the Areas Along the Coast Ofthe Sea of Japan....Pages 1673-1678 Seasonal and Spatial Variations in the Chemical and Sulfur Isotopic Composition of Acid Deposition in Niigata Prefecture, Japan....Pages 1679-1684 Investigation of Alkaline Nature of Rain Water in India....Pages 1685-1690 Modeling Effects of Changing Deposition and Forestry on Nitrogen Fluxes in a Northern River Basin....Pages 1691-1696 Episodic Events in Water Chemistry and Metals in Streams in Northern Sweden During Spring Flood....Pages 1697-1702 Relationships Between Acid Ions and Carbonaceous Fly-Ash Particles in Deposition at European Mountain Lakes....Pages 1703-1708 Internal Distribution of Acid Materials Within Snow Crystals....Pages 1709-1714 Temporal Variations of Aluminium Fractions in Streams in the Delsbo Area, Central Sweden....Pages 1715-1720 Trace Metals in Forest Soils at Four Sites in Southern China....Pages 1721-1726 Soil Degradation in the Wielkopolski National Park (Poland) as an Effect of Acid Rain Simulation....Pages 1727-1732 Acid Deposition and Acidification of Soil and Water in the Tie Shan Ping Area, Chongqing, China....Pages 1733-1738 The Importance of Nitrogen Oxides for the Exceedance of Critical Thresholds in the Nordic Countries....Pages 1739-1744 Long-Term Ecological Effects of Liming — the Iselaw Programme....Pages 1745-1750 Biomass-Size Distribution of the Aquatic Community in Limed, Circumneutral and Acidified Reference Lakes....Pages 1751-1756 Influence of Acidification and Liming on the Distribution of Trace Elements in Surface Waters....Pages 1757-1762 Reacidification Effects on Water Chemistry and Plankton in a Limed Lake in Sweden....Pages 1763-1768 Evidence of Lower Productivity in Long Term Limed Lakes as Compared to Unlimed Lakes of Similar Ph....Pages 1769-1774 Sulfur Isotope Variations in Atmospheric Sulfur Oxides, Particulate Matter and Deposits Collected at Kyushu Island, Japan....Pages 1775-1780 Numerical Regional Air Quality Forecast Tests Over the Mainland of China....Pages 1781-1786 Specifics and Temporal Changes in Air Pollution in Areas Affected by Emissions from Oil Shale Industry, Estonia....Pages 1787-1792 Long-Range Transport of Sulfur from Northeast Asia to Chengshantu, Shandong Peninsula: Measurement and Simulation....Pages 1793-1798 Assessing Health Effects of Air Pollution in Developing Countries....Pages 1799-1804 Trends of Air Pollution and its Present Situation in Hiroshima Prefecture....Pages 1805-1810 The Need for Education in Developing Acceptable Air Pollution Control Strategies....Pages 1811-1816 Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Development of Acidification Policy in Europe....Pages 1817-1824 Trans-Pacific Air Pollution: Scientific Evidence & Political Implications....Pages 1825-1830 Low-Co 2 Energy Pathways Versus Emission Control Policies in Acidification Reduction....Pages 1831-1836 The Politics of Regional Cooperation on Acid Rain Control in East Asia....Pages 1837-1842 Stages in the History of China’S Acid Rain Control Strategy in the Light of China-Japan Relations....Pages 1843-1848 Profound Survival Program of Forests in Japan Islands a 40 Year Strategy for Environmental Conservation in Inland China....Pages 1849-1854