Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 3: Dairy herd management and welfare (Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science, 10)

In meeting rising demand, more intensive dairying systems face a range of challenges such as maintaining high standards of safety in the face of the continuing threat from zoonoses entering the food chain, whilst sustaining nutritional and sensory quality. At the same time farms need to become more efficient and sustainable. Finally, farming must also meet higher standards of animal health and welfare. Drawing on an international range of expertise, this book reviews research addressing the welfare, nutrition and health of dairy cattle. Part 1 begins by discussing key issues in welfare followed by topics such as genetic selection and welfare, housing and transportation. Part 2 looks at nutrition with chapters on rumen microbiology, feed evaluation and formulation, feed supplements and feed safety. The final part of the book covers aspects of health such as control of diseases and other disorders such as lameness as well as dairy herd health management. Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 3: Dairy herd management and welfare will be a standard reference for animal and dairy scientists in universities, government and other research centres and companies involved in beef production. It is accompanied by two other volumes which review milk composition, genetics and breeding as well as safety, quality and sustainability.. Contents Series list Preface References Introduction Part 1 Welfare of dairy cattle Part 2 Nutrition of dairy cattle Part 3 Health of dairy cattle Part 1 Welfare of dairy cattle Chapter 01 Understanding the behaviour of dairy cattle 1 Introduction 2 Studying the preferences of cattle: an overview 3 Cattle perception 4 Social, nutritional and reproductive behaviour 5 Locomotion and resting 6 Behaviour during transport and slaughter 7 Conclusions 8 Future trends 9 Where to look for further information 10 References Chapter 02 Key issues in the welfare of dairy cattle 1 Introduction: an overview of interest in and determinants of animal welfare in dairy farming 2 Husbandry practices in dairy farming: housing, handling and farming procedures 3 Husbandry practices in dairy farming: health, productivity and breeding 4 Applying different perspectives on animal welfare to the case of dairy farming 5 Recommendations for improving animal welfare in dairy farming in the light of expected future developments 6 Summary 7 Where to look for further information 8 Acknowledgements 9 References Chapter 03 Housing and the welfare of dairy cattle 1 Introduction 2 Types of housing system 3 Stall design 4 Flooring and locomotion 5 Social competition, social dominance and overstocking 6 Group versus individual housing for un-weaned calves: effects on health, locomotion and rest 7 Group versus individual housing for un-weaned calves: behaviour and weight gain 8 Reflections on housing un-weaned calves individually, in groups and with cows 9 Conclusions 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Chapter 04 Genetic selection for dairy cow welfare and resilience to climate change 1 Introduction 2 Selection indices 3 Selection for milk production, energy balance and fertility 4 New breeding objectives: health traits 5 New breeding objectives: dairy cows and climate change 6 Genomic selection, inbreeding and gene editing 7 Summary 8 Where to look for further information 9 Acknowledgements 10 References Chapter 05 Ensuring the welfare of culled dairy cows during transport and slaughter 1 Introduction 2 Legislation and codes of practice 3 Pre-transport conditions that influence the welfareof cows during transport 4 Welfare of culled cows during transport 5 The effects of livestock markets on cow welfare 6 Welfare of cows at the slaughter plant 7 Conclusions 8 Where to look for further information 9 References Chapter 06 Ensuring the health and welfare of dairy calves and heifers 1 Introduction 2 Newborn calf vitality 3 Colostrum management 4 Health management 5 Housing considerations 6 Feeding management 7 Managing weaned calves 8 Summary 9 Where to look for further information 10 References Part 2 Nutrition of dairy cattle Chapter 07 The rumen microbiota and its role in dairy cow production and health 1 Introduction 2 Diversity and function of rumen microbiota 3 Factors influencing composition of rumen microbiota 4 Current trends and innovations in studying the rumen microbiome: ‘omics’ approaches 5 Current trends and innovations in studying the rumen microbiota: linkage with host phenotypes 6 Altering rumen function by manipulating microbiota 7 Knowledge gaps and future directions 8 Conclusions 9 Where to look for further information 10 References Chapter 08 Biochemical and physiological determinants of feed efficiency in dairy cattle 1 Introduction 2 The physiological and biochemical makeup of a dairy animal 3 Development of the research field: a brief overview 4 A case study on the biochemical determinants of feed efficiency 5 Mechanisms and effects of simple genetic variation 6 Summary and conclusions 7 Future trends in research 8 Where to look for further information 9 References Chapter 09 Feed evaluation and formulation to maximise nutritional efficiency in dairy cattle 1 Introduction 2 Evaluation of feed energy value 3 Alternative methods to predict digestibility and energy value 4 Discounts of digestibility and associative effects 5 Conversion of digestible nutrients to metabolisable energy and net energy concentration 6 Evaluation of feed protein value 7 Estimation of microbial protein 8 Determination of rumen undegraded protein (RUP) 9 Evaluation of feed protein systems 10 Summary and future perspectives 11 Where to look for further information 12 References Chapter 10 Sustainable nutrition management of dairy cattle in intensive systems 1 Introduction 2 Phosphorus issues  3 Nitrogen issues 4 Carbon: a case study of enteric methane emissions and nutritional management in the intensive dairy production systems of California and Wisconsin 5 Conclusions 6 References Chapter 11 Nutrition management of grazing dairy cows in temperate environments 1 Introduction 2 Economic factors affecting grazing system design 3 Using supplementary feed to manage pasture 4 Nutrition of grazing dairy cows: pasture as a feed 5 Choosing the right supplementary feed 6 Choosing the right genetics for a grazing system 7 Supplement effects on milk production 8 Practical nutrition management on the farm 9 Conclusions and implications 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Chapter 12 The use and abuse of cereals, legumes and crop residues in rations for dairy cattle 1 Introduction 2 Current and future levels of animal sourced food (ASF) production 3 Dairy ration compositions and current and projected feed demand and supply 4 Context specificity of feed demand and supply 5 Ration composition and ceilings to milk productivity 6 Optimizing the feed–animal interface: ration balancing in intensive and extensive dairy systems 7 Summary 8 Where to look for further information 9 References Chapter 13 Feed supplements for dairy cattle 1 Introduction 2 Dietary buffers to control rumen acidity 3 Antibiotics for improved production 4 Fat supplementation 5 Immunological control of the rumen microbial population 6 Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation, boost production and decrease emissions 7 Direct-fed microbials, probiotics and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes 8 Other supplements to control GHG emissions 9 Conclusion 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Part 3 Health of dairy cattle Chapter 14 Disorder of digestion and metabolism in dairy cattle: the case of subacute rumen acidosis 1 Introduction 2 Prevalence, aetiology and biological consequences of ruminal acidosis 3 Regulation of ruminal pH 4 The dogma of ruminal acidosis 5 Case study: SARA risk in the post-partum phase of the transition period 6 Other examples of SARA risk induced by low feed intake 7 Conclusion and future trends 8 Where to look for further information 9 References Chapter 15 Management of dairy cows in transition and at calving 1 Introduction 2 Problems with using disease events to monitor herd transition management 3 Alternative data sources for monitoring herd transition management 4 Introduction to management factors that influence transition outcomes 5 Cow-level factors 6 Housing and environmental factors 7 Factors related to the decisions and actions of human caretakers 8 Case study: use of the transition cow risk assessment instrument  9 Summary and future trends 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Chapter 16 Causes, prevention and management of infertility in dairy cows 1 Introduction 2 Bovine parturition and uterine health 3 Bovine post-partum metabolic environment and ovarian activity 4 Oestrus in dairy cows 5 Establishing pregnancy in dairy cows 6 Heat stress and bovine fertility 7 Heifer fertility 8 Genetics and bovine fertility 9 Future trends and conclusion 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Chapter 17 Aetiology, diagnosis and control of mastitis in dairy herds 1 Introduction 2 Indicators of mastitis: somatic cell count 3 Indicators of mastitis: non-cell inflammation markers 4 Contagious pathogens causing mastitis 5 Environmental pathogens: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and environmental streptococci 6 Other pathogens: Prototheca, coagulase-negative staphylococci and other microorganisms 7 Management and control of mastitis 8 Dry cow therapy 9 The use of antibiotics 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Chapter 18 Preventing and managing lameness in dairy cows 1 Introduction 2 Lameness in dairy cows: associated pain, prevalence and incidence 3 Recording causes and ensuring prompt and effective treatment 4 Lesion aetiology and categories of risk for the four main causes of lameness in dairy cows 5 Risk assessments and cost-effective interventions 6 Conclusions: how assessment, evaluation and facilitation is driving improvement 7 Where to look for further information 8 References Chapter 19 Control of infectious diseases in dairy cattle 1 Introduction 2 The impact of infectious diseases 3 Principles of risk analysis and management 4 Hazard and risk identification 5 Risk assessment and evaluation 6 Risk management 7 Risk communication 8 Ensuring effective implementation 9 Trends in infectious disease control strategies 10 Conclusion 11 Where to look for further information 12 Abbreviations 13 References Chapter 20 Prevention and control of parasitic helminths in dairy cattle: key issues and challenges 1 Introduction 2 Helminth threats to grazing dairy cattle 3 Anthelmintic resistance 4 Progress in the development of evidence-based control programmes to reduce selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance 5 The development of robust diagnostics to support evidence-based control 6 Vaccine development 7 Future trends in research: contributions to enhanced and sustainable production 8 Concluding remarks 9 Where to look for further information 10 References Chapter 21 Genetic variation in immunity and disease resistance in dairy cows and other livestock 1 Introduction 2 Genetic variation in resistance to disease 3 The sources of genetic variation in resistance to disease 4 Strategies for breeding to increase resistance to disease 5 Case study 1: resistance to cattle tick infestation 6 Case study 2: mastitis in cattle 7 Case study 3: bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex 8 Case study 4: additive and non-additive genetic variation 9 Conclusions 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Chapter 22 Responsible and sustainable use of medicines in dairy herd health 1 Introduction 2 Antimicrobial resistance 3 Inappropriate behaviours and practices 4 Making progress towards change 5 Delivering results 6 Future trends and conclusion 7 Where to look for further information 8 Acknowledgements 9 References Chapter 23 Dairy herd health management: an overview 1 Introduction 2 The development of dairy herd health management (HHM) 3 Motivation for implementing HHM 4 Measuring: data for HHM 5 Monitoring: approaches to monitoring in HHM 6 Managing: delivering progress in HHM through planning, training and support for schemes 7 The potential benefits of HHM 8 Conclusions 9 Where to look for further information 10 References Index "In meeting rising demand, more intensive dairying systems face a range of challenges such as maintaining high standards of safety in the face of the continuing threat from zoonoses, whilst sustaining nutritional and sensory quality. At the same time farms need to become more efficient and sustainable. Finally, farming must also meet higher standards of animal health and welfare. Smallholder systems in developing countries face problems such as poor cattle nutrition, low productivity and vulnerability to disease which impact on safety, quality, sustainability and animal welfare. Drawing on an international range of expertise, this book reviews research addressing safety quality and sustainability. Part 1 reviews pathogens affecting milk, their detection and control. The second part of the book discusses the environmental impact of dairy farming and ways it can be better managed, from improved nutrition to ways of protecting biodiversity. The book also reviews ways of supporting smallholders improve dairy farming in the developing world. Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 2: Safety, quality and sustainability will be a standard reference for animal and dairy scientists in universities, government and other research centres and companies involved in milk production. It is accompanied by two further volumes which review milk composition, genetics and breeding as well as dairy herd management and welfare."-- Provided by publisher In meeting rising demand, more intensive dairying systems face a range of challenges such as maintaining high standards of safety in the face of the continuing threat from zoonoses entering the food chain, whilst sustaining nutritional and sensory quality. At the same time farms need to become more efficient and sustainable. Finally, farming must also meet higher standards of animal health and welfare. __Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 3: Dairy herd management and welfare__ will be a standard reference for animal and dairy scientists in universities, government and other research centres and companies involved in beef production. It is accompanied by two other volumes which review milk composition, genetics and breeding as well as safety, quality and sustainability..