دسترسی به عدالت برای مصرف‌کنندگان آسیب‌پذیر و کم‌انرژی: انرژی عادلانه؟

"How do ordinary people access justice? This book offers a novel socio-legal approach to access to justice, alternative dispute resolution, vulnerability and energy poverty. It poses an access to justice challenge and rethinks it through a lens that accommodates all affected people, especially those who are currently falling through the system. It raises broader questions about alternative dispute resolution, the need for reform to include more collective approaches, a stronger recognition of the needs of vulnerable people, and a stronger emphasis on delivering social justice. The authors use energy poverty as a site of vulnerability and examine the barriers to justice facing this excluded group. The book assembles the findings of an interdisciplinary research project studying access to justice and its barriers in the UK, Italy, France, Bulgaria and Spain (Catalonia). In-depth interviews with regulators, ombuds, energy companies, third-sector organisations and vulnerable people provide a rich dataset through which to understand the phenomenon. The book provides theoretical and empirical insights which shed new light on these issues and sets out new directions of inquiry for research, policy and practice. It will be of interest to researchers, students and policymakers working on access to justice, consumer vulnerability, energy poverty, and the complex intersection between these fields. The book includes contributions by Cosmo Graham (UK), Sarah Supino and Benedetta Voltaggio (Italy), Marine Cornelis (France), Anais Varo and Enric Bartlett (Catalonia) and Teodora Peneva (Bulgaria)"-- Provided by publisher Foreword Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Contributors List of Tables and Figures Introduction I. Introduction II. An Orientation to Key Concepts III. Contribution to Socio-Legal Scholarship IV. Outline of the Book's Content and Argument V. A Note on Case Study Selection and Methodology VI. The Structure of this Book Part I: Access to Justice for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers 1. The Access to Justice Challenge I. Introduction II. The Scale and Nature of the Access to Justice Challenge III. Understanding the Barriers to Access to Justice IV. Particular Barriers Facing Energy Consumers V. Consumer Vulnerability and Energy Poverty as Barriers to Accessing Justice VI. Barriers Experienced by Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers: Highlights from Our Data VII. Conclusion 2. A Holistic Vision of Access to Justice I. Introduction II. Access to Justice Beyond Lawyers and Courts III. Beyond Procedural Access to Justice IV. Reforming Access to Justice V. Conclusion 3. European Union Law and Policy on Access to Justice I. Introduction II. Recognition of Vulnerability and Energy Poverty in EU Law and Policy III. The Development of ADR for Consumer Disputes in the Energy Sector IV. Access to Justice, Collective Redress and Consumer Protection Measures V. Ongoing Problems for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers in the European Energy Market VI. Conclusion 4. ADR and Access to Justice I. Introduction II. Initial Observations Based on the Access to Justice Literature III. The Critical Debate on Access to Justice and ADR IV. Specific Issues in the Consumer-Disputing Context V. Conclusions 5. ADR and Access to Justice: Empirical Insights I. Introduction II. Empirical Insights III. Discussion IV. Conclusion 6. Everyday Experiences and the Role of Local Actors I. Introduction II. Legal Alienation, Relational Distance and Access to Justice III. Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers, the Energy Market and Formal Institutions: Stories of Alienation and Disconnection IV. Local Actors: More than Intermediaries V. Conclusion 7. Towards a More Holistic System of Access to Justice I. Introduction II. Recapping the Argument of the Book III. Dispute System Design and the Delivery of Holistic Access to Justice IV. From Added Value to Inclusive Design: Overview of Design Options V. Limitations and Directions for Future Research VI. Conclusion Part II: Access to Justice, ADR and Energy Poverty in Five Countries 8. Introduction to Part II I. Outline of Chapters 9. Energy Injustice in Bulgaria I. Introduction II. Energy Poverty in Bulgaria III. Consumer Protection Mechanism IV. Key Areas of Energy Injustice V. The Energy Injustice Labyrinth in Bulgaria VI. Constraints for Energy Justice in Bulgaria VII. Conclusions 10. Energy Poverty and Access to Justice in Catalonia I. Introduction II. The Spanish Electrical System III. Vulnerable Consumers and Access to Energy Justice in Catalonia IV. Energy Poverty: What are the Gaps in the Current Measures? V. Moving Towards a Just Energy Model: Policy Implications VI. Conclusions 11. Access to Justice and Energy Poverty in France I. Introduction II. Energy Poverty III. A Complex ADR Landscape: Divided between the National Public Ombudsman, Company Mediators and Other Public Parties IV. What are the Barriers to Access Justice for Energy Consumers? V. What Role does ADR (Ombuds) Play in Accessing Justice for Energy-Poor and Vulnerable Consumers? VI. How can Vulnerable Consumers Access Justice? VII. What can be done to Improve the Situation? VIII. Conclusion 12. Access to Justice for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers in Italy: Policy Measures and the Role of ADR I. Italian Policies to Tackle Energy Poverty II. Access to Justice for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers in Italy: The Role of ADR III. Data on ADR Procedures in the Energy Sector IV. Conclusions 13. Access to Justice in Energy: United Kingdom I. Introduction II. The Legal Framework of Energy Regulation in Great Britain III. The GB Energy Industry IV. The Fuel Poverty Strategy V. Complaints against Energy Companies VI. Conclusion Index "There is a great unanswered question at the centre of historical writing on modern Iran: why did the position of the Persianate world in global affairs change so dramatically over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries? This book explores this critical transitional period in Eurasian history from an environmental perspective. It argues that severe ecological challenges dating to the late 17th century, and deepening over the post-Safavid crisis of the 18th century, drove a severe decline in the demography and resource base on the Iranian plateau. This in turn gave rise to the perennially troubled Qajar period in the 19th century. Environmental history offers a new set of perspectives to revisit key sources with new questions in mind. Whilst relying upon scientific evidence such as Geographic Information System data and tree-ring analysis, Nature and Empire in Iran also draws on a careful re-engagement with existing sources. Re-interpreting court chronicles, administrative orders, local histories, geographical texts, endowment deeds, and business archives the book reveals the way in which the relationship between imperial systems and the rest of nature formed the modern state of Iran. An important and original contribution, it will be essential reading for scholars and students of the modern history of Iran and the environmental history of the Middle East"-- Provided by publisher Introduction -- Part One: Access to Justice for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers -- 1. The Access to Justice Challenge for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers -- 2. A Holistic Vision of Access to Justice -- 3. EU Law and Policy on Access to Justice for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers -- 4. Alternative Dispute Resolution and Access to Justice ? Problems and Potential -- 5. ADR and Access to Justice: Empirical Insights -- 6. Local Groups and State Responsiveness -- 7. Towards a More Holistic System of Access of Justice -- Part Two: Access to Justice, ADR and Energy Poverty in Five Countries -- 8. Introduction -- 9. Bulgaria -- 10. Catalonia -- 11. France -- 12. Italy -- 13. UK