ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese (ABC Chinese Dictionary Series, 10)

This is the first genuine etymological dictionary of Old Chinese written in any language. As such, it constitutes a milestone in research on the evolution of the Sinitic language group. Whereas previous studies have emphasized the structure of the Chinese characters, this pathbreaking dictionary places primary emphasis on the sounds and meanings of Sinitic roots. Based on more than three decades of intensive investigation in primary and secondary sources, this completely new dictionary places Old Chinese squarely within the Sino-Tibetan language family (including close consideration of numerous Tiberto-Burman languages), while paying due regard to other language families such as Austroasiatic, Miao-Yao (Hmong-Mien), and Kam-Tai. Designed for use by nonspecialists and specialists alike, the dictionary is highly accessible, being arranged in alphabetical order and possessed of numerous innovative lexicographical features. Each entry offers one or more possible etymologies as well as reconstructed pronunciations and other relevant data. Words that are morphologically related are grouped together into "word families" that attempt to make explicit the derivational or other etymological processes that relate them. The dictionary is preceded by a substantive and significant introduction that outlines the authors views on the linguistic position of Chinese within Asia and details the phonological and morphological properties, to the degree they are known, of the earliest stages of the Chinese language and its ancestor. This introduction, because it both summarizes and synthesizes earlier work and makes several original contributions, functions as a useful reference work all on its own. Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 12 Acknowledgments......Page 14 Arrangement of the Dictionary......Page 16 Symbols and Abbreviations......Page 18 Old Chinese and its Linguistic Neighbors......Page 22 Chinese and Sino-Tibetan......Page 23 Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai......Page 24 Vietnamese......Page 25 Summary......Page 26 Old Chinese Dialects......Page 27 The Study of Old Chinese etymology......Page 28 Approaches to word families and cognates......Page 29 Identification of cognates......Page 30 The Present Approach......Page 31 Word class......Page 33 Types of derivations and allofams......Page 35 The nature of Sino-Tibetan affixation......Page 36 Sino-Tibetan morphemes......Page 37 Suffixes in Old Chinese......Page 38 Sino-Tibetan prefixes in Old Chinese......Page 39 Infixation......Page 40 Parallel stems of 'swell'......Page 41 Austroasiatic infixes in Old Chinese......Page 43 Austroasiatic word families in Old Chinese......Page 44 Expressive, reduplication......Page 45 Backformation, re-cutting......Page 46 Convergence......Page 47 Semantic extension......Page 48 Middle Chinese tone A......Page 50 Tone B from Sino-Tibetan *-?......Page 51 Tone B from Tibeto-Burman final *-k......Page 52 Tone B for foreign final -rj......Page 53 Tone B (1): terms for body parts and humans......Page 54 Tone B (3): independent pronouns......Page 55 Middle Chinese tone C......Page 56 Tone C: Later OC general purpose morpheme......Page 57 Direction and diathesis......Page 59 Direction and diathesis in Old Chinese......Page 61 Tone C: two morphological functions......Page 62 Tone C (1): exoactive derivation......Page 63 Tone C: exoactive - extrovert, ditransitive......Page 64 Tone C: exoactive - transitive, causative / putative......Page 65 Tone C (2): exopassive derivation......Page 66 Tone B: endoactive derivation......Page 67 Voicing of the initial consonant: endopassive derivation......Page 69 Residue......Page 71 Devoicing of ST initial *z -> MC s......Page 72 Causative s-prefix > MC voiceless initial......Page 73 Iterative s-prefix > MC s-, s-, voiceless initial......Page 74 Nouns with *s > MC s- voiceless initial......Page 75 Devoicing and PTB *r......Page 76 Other sources of devoicing......Page 77 MC initial x- from voiceless acute initials......Page 78 MC aspiration: loss of ST pre-initial......Page 79 MC aspiration: iterative......Page 80 Aspiration: outward and / or forceful motion......Page 81 MC tsh from *k-s- and *s-?......Page 82 MC tshj- from OC clusters *k-hl......Page 83 MK c, j - MC retroflex affricates......Page 84 MK c, j = MC tsj, tj - etc. from OC *t(r)j-......Page 85 rj (w) ~~ nw-......Page 86 Chinese m- for TB and foreign b-......Page 87 Austroasiatic nasal infix......Page 88 Final *-k......Page 89 k-extension......Page 90 Nouns with final -t......Page 91 Final -in / -it......Page 93 Nominalizing suffix -rj......Page 95 Final -n with verbs......Page 96 Final -rj and open syllables......Page 97 Dissimilation with labial finals -p / -m......Page 98 OC final -i......Page 99 Absence of final consonant after long vowel......Page 100 MC initial l-......Page 101 MC initial dj- and tj-......Page 102 MC div. II, chongniu div. III, and OC medial *-r-......Page 103 MC I- (OC *r-) = foreign I......Page 104 OC medial *r and TB prefixes......Page 105 MC -n = foreign -r......Page 106 Foreign final r = open syllable......Page 107 MC d- and dj-, thj- from OC L-series......Page 109 MC dzj- (LHan z-) from OC *ml-......Page 110 Pre-initial *m- in GSR 413......Page 111 MC t- from foreign clusters with l......Page 112 ST and foreign final -l in OC......Page 113 The MC divisions and media j......Page 115 Sources of MC div. II......Page 116 Initial j- in OC......Page 117 MC initial j- ~l- from OC *r-j-......Page 118 MC zj- (LHan dz-) from ST initial *j......Page 119 MC zj- with OC *j......Page 120 Loss of ST and foreign medial -w- in Chinese......Page 121 ST *-wa in OC......Page 122 WT o for PTB *a......Page 123 OC *a alternating with *-e/*-i......Page 124 Variants *-a ~ *o......Page 125 OC = PTB *i......Page 126 OC *e = foreign ia / ja......Page 127 OC *-e for foreign *i......Page 128 OC *-i......Page 129 OC *i for AA *a......Page 130 OC......Page 131 OC in closed syllables......Page 132 OC *o......Page 133 OC *o corresponding to ST *-u > PTB *-u......Page 134 OC *u......Page 135 Labial dissimilation......Page 136 Labial dissimilation with open / velar final syllables......Page 137 Exceptional correspondences......Page 138 OC *-au, *-auk......Page 139 Chinese (CH)......Page 140 Later Han Chinese......Page 141 Minimal Old Chinese (OCM)......Page 142 Chinese dealects (=Sinitic languages)......Page 146 Lushai......Page 147 Tebeto-Burman (TB)......Page 149 Written Tibetan (WT)......Page 150 Appendix A: Languages and language families in East Asia......Page 152 Appendix B: Alphabetic list of frequently cited languages......Page 155 Appendix C: Text sources for earliest occurrences......Page 157 References......Page 159 Dictionary A-Z......Page 170 English Index......Page 660 This Is The First Genuine Etymological Dictionary Of Old Chinese Written In Any Language. As Such, It Constitutes A Milestone In Research On The Evolution Of The Sinitic Language Group. Whereas Previous Studies Have Emphasized The Structure Of The Chinese Characters, This Pathbreaking Dictionary Places Primary Emphasis On The Sounds And Meanings Of Sinitic Roots. Based On More Than Three Decades Of Intensive Investigation In Primary And Secondary Sources, This Completely New Dictionary Places Old Chinese Squarely Within The Sino-tibetan Language Family (including Close Consideration Of Numerous Tiberto-burman Languages), While Paying Due Regard To Other Language Families Such As Austroasiatic, Miao-yao (hmong-mien), And Kam-tai. Designed For Use By Nonspecialists And Specialists Alike, The Dictionary Is Highly Accessible, Being Arranged In Alphabetical Order And Possessed Of Numerous Innovative Lexicographical Features. Each Entry Offers One Or More Possible Etymologies As Well As Reconstructed Pronunciations And Other Relevant Data. Words That Are Morphologically Related Are Grouped Together Into Word Families That Attempt To Make Explicit The Derivational Or Other Etymological Processes That Relate Them. The Dictionary Is Preceded By A Substantive And Significant Introduction That Outlines The Author's Views On The Linguistic Position Of Chinese Within Asia And Details The Phonological And Morphological Properties, To The Degree They Are Known, Of The Earliest Stages Of The Chinese Language And Its Ancestor. This Introduction, Because It Both Summaries And Synthesizes Earlier Work And Makes Several Original Contributions, Functions As A Useful Reference Work All On Its Own.--book Jacket. Axel Schuessler. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 138-147) And Index.