A Wonder Material for Energy Applications. Volume 1: Basics to Advanced Applications for Energy Production 1

This book is part of a 2 volume book series that provides current, state-of-the-art knowledge, fundamentals of electrochemistry, design strategies, and future challenges in carbon-based materials for electrochemical energy production and storage devices. The key goals for nanocarbons based electrochemical devices are to provide safe operation, sustainability, high energy and power density, long working life, and reduced cost. This book describes the fundamentals and working principles of nanocarbons for basic to advanced applications for energy storage devices such as photovoltaics, electrocatalyst, and fuel cells. The book is written by leading experts in these areas making this a suitable textbook for students and providing new directions to researchers and scientists working in science and technology areas. Cover Engineering Materials Series NanoCarbon: A Wonder Material for Energy Applications. Volume 1: Basics to Advanced Applications for Energy Production Copyright Preface Contents Introduction to Nanocarbon 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of Various Types of Nanocarbon 2.1 Synthesis of Graphene 2.2 Synthesis of Graphite 2.3 Synthesis of CNTs 2.4 Synthesis of Hard Carbon 2.5 Synthesis of Soft Carbon 2.6 Synthesis of Fullerene 3. Properties of Various Types of Nanocarbon 3.1 Properties of Graphene 3.2 Properties of Graphite 3.3 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 3.4 Properties of Soft Carbon 3.5 Properties of Hard Carbon 3.6 Properties of Fullerene 4. Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Synthesis and Characterizations of Nanocarbon 1. Sustainable Precursor for Nanocarbon Materials 2. Process Conditions: Temperature, Heating Rate, Activation 3. Reactor Types 4. Common Technologies for Diverse Nanocarbon Materials 4.1 Nanoporous Carbon 4.2 Carbon Nanotubes 4.3 Graphene 5. Characterization Techniques 5.1 Gasses Physisorption 5.2 Chemical Composition and Functional Groups 5.3 Raman Spectroscopy 5.4 Electrochemical Characterization 6. Conclusions References Electrochemical Properties of Nanocarbon 1. Introduction 1.1 Nanocarbons 1.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 2. Nanofibers Electronic Structure and Properties, Class of Nano Carbons 2.1 3D Composite Like Foams 3. Current Progress in the Fields of Nanocarbon and Nanofibers 3.1 Fullerenes 3.2 Graphene 3.3 Diamane 3.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) 4. Nanocarbon and Composites for Energy Applications 5. Future Perspectives of Nanocarbon Electrochemistry 6. Conclusion References Tunability of Electrochemical Properties of Nanocarbon for Sustainable Energy 1. Introduction 2. Tuning Electrochemical Properties of Nano Carbons for Energy Storage 3. Tuning Electrochemical Properties of Nano Carbons for Energy Conversion 3.1 Photovoltaics (PV) 3.2 Electrocatalysis 3.3 Fuel Cells 4. Conclusions References One-Dimensional Carbon for Electrocatalytic Activities 1. Introduction 2. Type, Synthesis, and Characterization of 1D Carbon 3. Applications of One-Dimensional Carbon as Electrocatalysts 3.1 Nanocarbon for OER 3.2 Nanocarbon for ORR 3.3 Nanocarbon for HER 4. Conclusion References Graphene as a Metal-Free Catalyst—Recent Case Studies 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 How Can Graphene Become a Catalyst—Possible Mechanisms? 2. Case Studies 2.1 Molecular Adsorption of Small Gas Phase Species on Graphene 2.2 Synthesizing Defect Free Epitaxial Graphene 2.3 Dissociative Adsorption of Sulfur Compounds on Graphene 2.4 Dissociative Adsorption of Hydrogen on Graphene 2.5 Other Surface Reactions on Clean Graphene at UHV 3. Conclusions References 3D Graphene: A Nanocarbon Innovation in Electrochemical Sensor Technology 1. Introduction 2. Electrochemical Sensors 3. 3D Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors 3.1 Geometrical Classifications of 3D Graphene-Based Structures 3.2 Hybrid 3D Structures of Graphene 3.3 Doped Structures of Graphene 3.4 Graphene-Carbon Nanotube 3.5 Graphene–Fe3O4 3.6 Graphene-MXene 4. Future Perspective of 3D Graphene-Based Sensors 5. Conclusion References Nanocomposites of Carbon for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications 1. Introduction 1.1 Types of Nanocomposite Carbons 1.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 2. Discussion 2.1 Electron Transport Layer (ETL) 2.2 Counter Electrode (CE) 3. Conclusions References Nanocarbon for Electrocatalysis 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials 2.1 Single Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials 2.2 Binary Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials 2.3 Preparation of Doped Carbon Materials 3. Electrocatalytic Applications of Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials 3.1 Metal-Air Battery 3.2 Fuel Cells 3.3 Water Splitting for Producing Hydrogen 3.4 CO2 Reduction Reactions 3.5 N2 Reduction Reaction 4. Conclusions and Perspectives 5. References Graphene-Based Electrocatalysts 1. Introduction 2. Application 2.1 Solar Cells 2.2 Cathodic Reaction: ORR, HER, ECR 2.3 Anodic Reaction: OER 2.4 Energy Storage Device: Supercapacitors 2.5 Sensors and Biosensors 3. Conclusion References Electrocatalytic Properties of Fullerene-Based Materials 1. Introduction 2. Oxygen Reduction Reaction 3. Methanol/Ethanol Oxidation Reaction 4. Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions 5. Other Electrocatalytic Activity 6. Conclusions References Nanocomposites of Carbon as Electrocatalyst 1. Introduction to Electrocatalyst 2. Carbon Based Electrocatalyst 2.1 Graphite 2.2 Graphene 2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 2.4 Carbon Quantum Dots 3. Carbon Nanocomposites 4. Applications 4.1 Water Splitting 4.2 Fuel Cells 4.3 Batteries 4.4 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Reduction 5. Summary and Future Perspectives References Graphene-Based Fuel Cells 1. Graphene—Historical Overview 2. Structure of Graphene 3. The Versatile Properties of Graphene 4. Synthesis of Graphene, Graphene-Based Electrocatalysts and Membrane 4.1 Synthesis of Graphene 4.2 Synthesis of Graphene-Based Electrocatalysts 4.3 Synthesis of Graphene-Based Membranes 5. Graphene-Based Materials for Fuel Cell 5.1 Electrochemical Energy Conversion Device: Fuel Cell 5.2 Types of Fuel Cell 5.3 Working Principle of Fuel Cell System 5.4 Role of Graphene in Electrocatalytic Reactions 5.5 Graphene-Based Materials for Fuel Cell 6. Conclusion References Nanocomposites of Carbon for Fuel Cells 1. Introduction 2. Types of Fuel Cells 2.1 Graphene-Based Electrode Materials 2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 2.3 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)-Based Materials 2.4 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials 2.5 Fullerene-Based Electrode Materials 2.6 Aerogels-Based Electrode Materials 2.7 Nanosheets of Carbon 3. Conclusion References Carbon Nanomaterials as One of the Options for Hydrogen Storage 1. Introduction 2. Activated Carbon 3. Graphite 4. Graphene: The Hydrogen Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm 5. Modification of Activated Carbon 6. Carbon Nanotubes 7. Impact of Structures on Hydrogen Storage in Different Carbon Materials 8. Modified Carbon Materials for Hydrogen Storage 8.1 Nitrogen Doping in Carbon Materials 8.2 Phosphorus-Doping in Carbon Materials 8.3 Boron-Doping in Carbon Materials 9. Perspectives 10. Conclusion References Nanocarbon as Catalyst Support for Fuel Hydrogen Generation by Hydrolysis of Sodium Borohydride 1. Introduction 2. Nanocarbons as Catalyst Support for Fuel Hydrogen Generation 2.1 Graphene-Based Catalysts 2.2 Carbon Nanotubes-Based Catalysts 2.3 Biochar-Based Catalysts 2.4 Carbon Black-Based Catalysts 3. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 4. References Exploiting the Potential of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofluids to Boost Efficiency in Solar Applications 1. Introduction 2. Categories and Arrangement 2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 2.2 CNT-Based Nanofluids 3. Durability of CNT Nanofluid 4. Heat-Conducting Properties of CNT Nanofluids 5. Utilization of CNT Nanofluids in Solar Applications 5.1 Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) Systems 5.2 Solar Collector 5.3 Solar Pond 5.4 Generation of Solar Steam 6. Conclusion References Recent Advancements in Conducting Polymers for Biomedical Sensors 1. Introduction 2. Basics of Conducting Polymers 2.1 Types of Conducting Polymers 2.2 Characterization of Conducting Polymers 3. Introduction to Biomedical Sensor 3.1 Types of Biomedical Sensors 3.2 Requirements and Challenges in Biomedical Sensor Design 3.3 Advancement and Challenges 4. Conducting Polymer-Based Biomedical Sensors 4.1 Biosensors for Pathogen Detection 4.2 Biosensors for DNA Detection 4.3 Biosensors for Protein Detection 4.4 Biosensors for Early Disease Detection 5. Conclusion References