A Transatlantic History of the Social Sciences : Robber Barons, the Third Reich and the Invention of Empirical Social Research

From the beginning of the twentieth century, scientific and social scientific research has been characterized by intellectual exchange between Europe and the US. The establishment of the Third Reich ensured that, from the German speaking world, at least, this became a one-way traffic. In this book Christian Fleck explores the invention of empirical social research, which by 1950 had become the binding norm of international scholarship, and he analyses the contribution of German refugee social scientists to its establishment. The major names are here, from Adorno and Horkheimer to Hirshman and Lazarsfeld, but at the heart of the book is a unique collective biography based on original data from more than 800 German-speaking social scientists. Published in German in 2008 to great acclaim, Fleck's important study of the transatlantic enrichment of the social sciences is now available in a revised English-language edition. Cover 1 Contents 8 List of Tables and Figures 10 Introduction 12 Chapter 1 The Building of an American Empire 21 THE EXPANSION OF TERTIARY EDUCATION 21 GROWING DEMAND FOR ACADEMIC TEACHERS 27 DIFFERENTIAL CAREER PATHS FOR JUNIOR SCIENTISTS 29 INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS 32 THE EMERGENCE OF NEW SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES 36 INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS 38 NEW DONORS, NEW DECISION-MAKERS 40 Chapter 2 Fellowships and What They Entailed 50 A NEW WAY TO SUPPORT JUNIOR SCIENTISTS 50 A NEW DIRECTOR 51 NEW FIELDS FOR INTERNATIONALISM 52 AID TO EUROPEANS AND TO THE NEW SOCIAL SCIENCES 54 EUROPEAN ADVISORS 55 THE FIRST EUROPEAN FELLOWS 59 THE FIRST AMERICAN FELLOWS 64 EUROPEAN EXTENSIONS 67 A BRAIN DRAIN, INC.? 68 COMPARISON OF GERMAN-SPEAKING FELLOWS, I 69 THE FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMME IN THE SHADOW OF NAZISM 75 COMPARISON OF GERMAN-SPEAKING FELLOWS, II 78 COMPARISON OF GERMAN-SPEAKING FELLOWS, III 84 Chapter 3 Institutional Support in Europe 86 EUROPEAN BENEFICIARIES – AN OVERVIEW 89 THE GERMAN CASE 92 THE NAZI PROBLEM 106 THE AUSTRIAN CASE 113 Chapter 4 In the Shadow of Nazi Rule: Two Generation Units of Social Scientists 122 WHO IS A SOCIOLOGIST? 124 (a) Relying on Self-reports: Anyone Calling Him or Herself a Sociologist is a Sociologist 124 (b) Reconstruction by Definition: You Are a Sociologist Because We Say So 127 (c) Using Comparison: How Others Defined Sociology 129 (d) Relying on Peer Judgement: Experts Nominate Sociologists 129 ELEMENTS OF A COLLECTIVE BIOGRAPHICAL PORTRAIT OF GERMAN-SPEAKING SOCIOLOGISTS 131 GERMAN VERSUS AUSTRIAN CAREER PATHS 143 STRUCTURES OF OPPORTUNITY FOR NEW OCCUPATIONS 149 OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES AND INDIVIDUAL LIFE PLANNING 153 GAINING, AND MEASURING, REPUTATION 159 CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS 171 Chapter 5 The Radio, Adorno and the Panel 176 WANTED: RESEARCH DIRECTOR! 177 A NEW TESTAMENT 182 RECRUITING A MUSIC EXPERT 187 A PROJECT SEEKS ITS OBJECT AND FACES ADVERSITY 193 EVALUATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 199 ADORNO’S TEMPORARY CONVERSION TO CRITICAL EMPIRICISM 203 WORTH READING, NOT WORTH SPONSORING 208 TRANSFER TO COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 218 ATTEMPTING AN EVALUATION 223 Chapter 6 The History of an Appropriation 232 AN ANNOUNCEMENT 235 THE ANTI-SEMITISM PROJECT, PART I 238 A NEW RESEARCH DIRECTOR AT THE AJC 249 AN ADVISORY COUNCIL – FROM CONSULTATION TO RESIGNATION 256 THE ANTI-SEMITISM PROJECT, PART II 261 FURTHER ATTEMPTS AT A TYPOLOGY 268 (NO) DISPUTE ABOUT ‘CREDIT’? 274 Chapter 7 Reconnaissance Expeditions, Reconstruction Support and the Rare Return 283 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION’S EXPLORATION OF GERMANY AND AUSTRIA 284 EVERETT HUGHES’S ATTEMPT TO EXPORT CHICAGO SOCIOLOGY TO GERMANY 296 WHO RETURNED? 302 Chapter 8 Red Threads 316 Appendix: Comparative Income 337 Notes 343 References 369 Index 396 A 396 B 397 C 399 D 400 E 401 F 401 G 402 H 403 I 404 J 405 K 405 L 406 M 407 N 409 O 409 P 410 Q 411 R 412 S 413 T 415 U 415 V 415 W 416 Y 417 Z 417 ISBN,(hardback),9781849660518,ISBN,(ebook),9781849660501,ISBN,(ebook,PDF),9781849664332 A & C Black Publishers Limited This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. From the beginning of the twentieth century, scientific and social scientific research has been characterised by intellectual exchange between Europe and the US. The establishment of the Third Reich ensured that, from the German speaking world, at least, this became a one-way traffic. In this book Christian Fleck explores the invention of empirical social research, which by 1950 had become the binding norm of international scholarship, and he analyses the contribution of German refugee social scientists to its establishment. The major names are here, from Adorno and Horkheimer to Hirshman and Lazarsfeld, but at the heart of the book is a unique collective biography based on original data from more than 800 German-speaking social scientists. Published in German in 2008 to great acclaim, Fleck's important study of the transatlantic enrichment of the social sciences is now available in a revised English-language edition. "From the beginning of the twentieth century, scientific and social scientific research has been characterised by intellectual exchange between Europe and the US. The establishment of the Third Reich ensured that, from the German speaking world, at least, this became a one-way traffic. In this book Christian Fleck explores the invention of empirical social research, which by 1950 had become the binding norm of international scholarship, and he analyses the contribution of German refugee social scientists to its establishment. The major names are here, from Adorno and Horkheimer to Hirshman and Lazarsfeld, but at the heart of the book is a unique collective biography based on original data from more than 800 German-speaking social scientists. Published in German in 2008 to great acclaim, Fleck's important study of the transatlantic enrichment of the social sciences is now available in a revised English-language edition."--Bloomsbury Publishing. "From the beginning of the twentieth century, scientific and social scientific research has been characterised by intellectual exchange between Europe and the US. The establishment of the Third Reich ensured that, from the German speaking world, at least, this became a one-way traffic. In this book Christian Fleck explores the invention of empirical social research, which by 1950 had become the binding norm of international scholarship, and analyses the contribution of German refugee social scientists to its establishment. The major names are here, from Adorno and Horkheimer to Hirshman and Lazarsfeld, but at the heart of the book is a unique collective biography based on original data from more than 800 German-speaking social scientists. Published in German in 2008 to great acclaim, Fleck's important study of the transatlantic enrichment of the social sciences is now available in a revised English-language edition."--Publisher's description Annotation The 20th century saw a shift of the hub of science and social science systems to the USA. This dynamic began to unfold at precisely the same time as the power structure of Central Europe shifted towards dictatorship. This book explores the invention of empirical social research and the contribution of German emigres to its establishment The 20th century saw a dramatic shift of the hub of science and social science systems to the USA. This dynamic began to unfold at precisely the same time as the power structure of Central Europe shifted towards dictatorship. This book explores the invention of empirical social research and the contribution of German emigres to its establishment.