A Time for Metabolism and Hormones (Research and Perspectives in Endocrine Interactions)

Recent years have seen spectacular advances in the field of circadian biology. These have attracted the interest of researchers in many fields, including endocrinology, neurosciences, cancer, and behavior. By integrating a circadian view within the fields of endocrinology and metabolism, researchers will be able to reveal many, yet-unsuspected aspects of how organisms cope with changes in the environment and subsequent control of homeostasis. This field is opening new avenues in our understanding of metabolism and endocrinology. A panel of the most distinguished investigators in the field gathered together to discuss the present state and the future of the field. The editors trust that this volume will be of use to those colleagues who will be picking up the challenge to unravel how the circadian clock can be targeted for the future development of specific pharmacological strategies toward a number of pathologies. Preface 6 Acknowledgements 8 Contents 10 List of Contributors 12 The Epigenetic and Metabolic Language of the Circadian Clock 15 Introduction 15 Chromatin Remodeling, Cyclic Transcription and the Clock 16 Cellular Metabolism and the Circadian Clock Converge 18 The Central Role of Sirtuins 19 Conclusion 21 References 22 Molecular Architecture of the Circadian Clock in Mammals 26 Introduction 26 Structural Biology of Clock Proteins 28 Transcriptional Architecture and Chromatin Dynamics of the Clock 30 References 35 Circadian Mechanisms in Bioenergetics and Cell Metabolism 38 Genetic Approaches to Dissecting Circadian Physiology 39 Clock-NAD+-Sirtuin Pathway in Bioenergetics 40 Reciprocal Control of the Clock by Nutrient 41 Summary and Future Directions 42 References 43 Control of Metabolism by Central and Peripheral Clocks in Drosophila 46 Use of Drosophila to Study Behavior and Metabolic Function 47 The Drosophila Fat Body Contains a Clock that Regulates a Rhythm of Feeding 48 Fat Body and Neuronal Clocks Coordinately Regulate Metabolic Parameters 48 Rhythmic Gene Expression in the Fat Body Is Controlled Largely, but not Exclusively, by the Fat Body Clock 50 A Restricted Feeding Paradigm Resets the Phase of Cyclic Gene Expression in the Fat Body but not in the Brain 51 Decoupling Peripheral and Brain Tissues Decreases Reproductive Fitness 51 Metabolic Signals Also Affect Clocks in the Brain 52 References 52 Circadian Post-transcriptional Control of Metabolism 54 Introduction 54 Post-transcriptional Mechanisms 55 Circadian Control of poly(A) Tail Length 56 Nocturnin Is a Circadian Deadenylase 57 Loss of Nocturnin Results in Broad Metabolic Changes 58 Conclusions 59 References 60 Redox and Metabolic Oscillations in the Clockwork 64 Introduction 64 Challenging Transcriptional Models of the Clockwork 65 Non-transcriptional Clock Mechanisms 66 PRDX Rhythms 67 Redox and Metabolic Clocks in Eukaryotes 70 Conclusion 71 References 72 Rev-erbs: Integrating Metabolism Around the Clock 75 Introduction 75 Repression of Transcription by Rev-erbs 76 Circadian Biology of Rev-erbs 77 Rev-erbα and Metabolism 77 Conclusions 79 References 79 Control of Sleep-Wake Cycles in Drosophila 83 Background 83 Layout of the Network in Constant Conditions 85 Network Architecture Under LD Cycles 86 References 89 Circadian Metabolomics: Insights for Biology and Medicine 91 Introduction: A Many-Clock Problem 91 An Overview of Circadian Metabolomics 92 Metabolomics: Applications for Circadian Medicine 93 Outlook and Conclusion 95 References 96 Rhythms Within Rhythms: The Importance of Oscillations for Glucocorticoid Hormones 98 Introduction 98 The Origin of HPA Pulsatility 99 Implications of HPA Pulsatility 101 Adrenal Adaptation to Pulsatile ACTH 101 Tissue Adaptation to Pulsatile CORT 103 Conclusion 106 References 107 The Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders 111 Introduction 112 Twin and Family Studies in ASD 113 From Chromosomal Rearrangements to Copy Number Variants in ASD 115 From Candidate Genes to Whole Exome/Genome Sequencing Studies in ASD 116 The Common Variants in ASD 120 The Genetic Architecture of ASD 121 The Biological Pathways Associated with ASD 122 The Serotonin-NAS-Melatonin Pathway 126 Perspectives 127 References 128 Index 140 This book is an update of the first BACC assessment, published in 2008. It offers new and updated scientific findings in regional climate research for the Baltic Sea basin. These include climate changes since the last glaciation (approx. 12,000 years ago), changes in the recent past (the last 200 years), climate projections up until 2100 using state-of-the-art regional climate models and an assessment of climate-change impacts on terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. There are dedicated new chapters on sea-level rise, coastal erosion and impacts on urban areas. A new set of chapters deals with possible causes of regional climate change along with the global effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations, namely atmospheric aerosols and land-cover change. The evidence collected and presented in this book shows that the regional climate has already started to change and this is expected to continue. Projections of potential future climates show that the region will probably become considerably warmer and wetter in some parts, but dryer in others. Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have already shown adjustments to increased temperatures and are expected to undergo further changes in the near future. The BACC II Author Team consists of 141 scientists from 12 countries, covering various disciplines related to climate research and related impacts. BACC II is a project of the Baltic Earth research network and contributes to the World Climate Research Programme Front Matter....Pages i-xiii The Epigenetic and Metabolic Language of the Circadian Clock....Pages 1-11 Molecular Architecture of the Circadian Clock in Mammals....Pages 13-24 Circadian Mechanisms in Bioenergetics and Cell Metabolism....Pages 25-32 Control of Metabolism by Central and Peripheral Clocks in Drosophila....Pages 33-40 Circadian Post-transcriptional Control of Metabolism....Pages 41-50 Redox and Metabolic Oscillations in the Clockwork....Pages 51-61 Rev-erbs: Integrating Metabolism Around the Clock....Pages 63-70 Control of Sleep-Wake Cycles in Drosophila....Pages 71-78 Circadian Metabolomics: Insights for Biology and Medicine....Pages 79-85 Rhythms Within Rhythms: The Importance of Oscillations for Glucocorticoid Hormones....Pages 87-99 The Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders....Pages 101-129 Back Matter....Pages 131-132