A Textbook of Children's and Young People's Nursing E-Book : A Textbook of Children's and Young People's Nursing E-Book

This popular textbook is aimed at children's nurses in a wide range of practice settings including primary, ambulatory, and tertiary care. Covering the full age and specialty spectrum this text brings together chapters from among the best-known children's nurses in the UK. It describes family-centred child healthcare drawing upon practice throughout the UK and further afield. This innovative text provides up to date information on a wide range of topics. Each chapter offers readers additional material on Evolve. Full Microsoft PowerPoint presentations that facilitate interactive learning augment the written chapters and provide information not normally possible in a standard textbook e.g. colour photographs, video clips.Although intended for nurses the book adopts an interprofessional, problem-solving and reflective approach aimed at students, practitioners and child health educators. Material is offered from levels 1-3 and some of the ancillary material extends into the postgraduate arena.Each chapter offers readers additional material on an Evolve website. Full Microsoft PowerPoint presentations augment the written chapters and provide extra information that includes case studies, moving image, photographs and text.Aims, objectives, learning outcomes, a summary box in each chapter and key points assist learning and understandingProfessional conversation boxes enliven the text on the page and make it more interesting to dip intoSuggestions for seminar discussion topics to help teachers Case studies help to relate theory to practice Prompts to promote reflective practiceActivity boxes/suggested visitsEvidence based practice boxes which highlight key research studies, annotated bibliographies including details of web-sites and full contemporary references to the evidence baseResource lists including recommended web-site addressesNew chapter on blood disorders of childhood. New material on caring for young people and transitions in care. More on childhood eczema, childhood and adolescent mental health, solid tumours of childhood. Front Cover A Textbook of Children’sand Young People’s Nursing Copyright Contents Contributors Foreword Section 1 Essentials of children’s nursing Chapter 1 Historical Perspectives of Children’s Nursing Introduction The changing concepts of childhood The origins of foundling hospitals and dispensaries The establishment of children’s hospitals The growth of children’s hospitals The origins of education and registration of children’s nurses Education of children’s nurses Summary References Chapter 2 Working with children and families Introduction What is a family? Understanding the family as a system Undertaking a psychosocial assessment of the family Guidelines for effective practice Assessment of family structure Assessing child and the family development Assessing family functioning Summary Chapter 3 Contemporary child health policy: the implications for children’s nurses Introduction The role of health policy Health inequalities How do governments respond to policy reviews? UK policy variations The welfare of children in hospital (1959) Fit for the future (1976) Where are the children? The four standards selected by CCHS Summary, findings and recommendations of ‘whereare the children?’ Other reports from CCHS Getting it right – dealing with complaints Chapter 4 Cultural aspects of children’s nursing What is culture? Cultural assessment Summary Chapter 5 The psychological preparation of children for hospitalisation Introduction Historical perspectives Daycare services Importance of psychological care Preparing children for a hospital admission Preparation in the community: emergency admissionsand non-attendees Children with specific preparation needs Practitioner perspectives Summary Dedication Chapter 6 Family-centred care Introduction Understanding family-centred care as a concept Family-centred care: the practice continuum tool Toolkit of skills Empowerment Negotiating care with children and families Teaching children and families The challenges of delivering family-centred care Professional and legal issues An interactive approach Summary Chapter 7 Assessing and planning care in partnership The nature of assessment Assessment and planning in context Partnership principles applied to assessing and planning care Assessment and planning in practice Recording and auditing practice Summary Chapter 8 Public health, primary health care and the development of community children’s nursing Introduction Historical considerations A hospital for children Nursing children in the community Primary health care and primary healthcare teams A public health role for the community children’s nurse? Chapter 9 Family responses to ill health and admission to hospital Introduction Statistics Coping strategies commonly utilised by families with a sick child Immunisation Parson’s sick role Psychological reactions Age of child and developmental status of the child Nature of hospital admissions – planned versus unplanned Choice of ward and informed choice/consent Summary Chapter 10 Communicating with children and their families Introduction Development of communication skills from conception to adolescence The value of play as a communication tool Understanding health and illness Communicating with young people in a healthcare context Children’s rights Communicating with children and adolescents who havelife-limiting illness or disability Communicating with parents Communicating with siblings Terminal and bereavement care Summary Chapter 11 The dynamic child: children’s psychological development and its application to the delivery of care Introduction The nature–nurture debate Cognitive development Piagetian perspectives Carey: ‘novice to expert shift’ theory Children’s conceptualisation of health, illness and their internal bodies Concepts of health and illness: application to care delivery Language development Personality development Some important observations about ‘truth’ and ‘understanding’in developmental psychology Summary Chapter 12 Physical growth and development in children Introduction Factors affecting growth and development Physical growth Transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life The newborn baby 1 Month to 2 years Adolescence Suggested areas for observation of children Chapter 13 Preparing the family for stressful life events Introduction Life stressors, social responses and coping/adaptive strategies The family environment The short- and long-term impact of stress caused by life events Assessment and appraisal of stress in children and families within the healthcare context Illness and hospitalisation as a major source of stress in children Summary Chapter 14 The evidence base for children’s nursing practice Introduction Formulating questions Complex interventions Types of evidence Researching complex interventions Critical appraisal issues specific to research with children: ethicaland methodological issues Methodological considerations when children are involved in research Historical overview of children’s nursing research: the context forthe emerging themes of the future Summary Chapter 15 Involving children in healthcare research Introduction: children are not small adults Child protection issues Vulnerability and autonomy Issues of informed consent and assent What is competency? What makes consent informed? What about research? Risk versus benefit Is your volunteer acting voluntarily? Advocacy and best interest How research is conducted with children Research methodology and design that is suitable for use with children Health-related quality of life studies Conducting research interviews with children and young people The write and draw method Using focus groups Randomised controlled trials Why is it necessary to undertake research with children? Unlicensed and ‘off-label’ medicines and therapies American and European perspectives Developments in the UK clinical research infrastructure How research provides a foundation for evidence-based practice How to critique a research paper How research studies are beginning to identify the origins of diseaseand contribute to its preventionin later life What about children and young people as researchers? How can young patients and volunteers be involved? Models of involvement Facilitating involvement of young researchers Difficulties involving children and young people as researchers How is the government supporting public involvement in healthcareand research? How involved are children and young people? Summary Acknowledgements Chapter 16 Ensuring quality and the role of clinical audit Introduction Total quality management Key TQM processes The rise of clinical governance National service frameworks Clinical audit Conducting a clinical audit Examples of improving care through audit The role of the national institute for clinical effectiveness The role of the care quality commission (CQC) Summary Chapter 17 The management of pain in children Part 1: The management of acute pain in children Introduction What is acute pain? The anatomy and physiology of pain Does pain in children differ from pain in adults? Why do we need to manage pain effectively? Cognitive development and perception of pain How should pain in children be managed? Analgesic drugs Non-drug methods Pain management: an ethical imperative Part 2: The management of chronic pain in children Introduction What is chronic pain? How common is chronic pain in children? Causes of chronic pain Common chronic pain conditions in children and adolescents Factors triggering and maintaining chronic pain Pain-related disability The impact of chronic pain on the child and family Management of chronic pain Chapter 18 Children and surgery Why children need surgery The role of the family A child’s eye view of the operating room Ethics and the law in paediatric perioperative settings Preadmission programmes Flow through the operating rooms Parents in the anaesthetic roomand postoperative recovery Chapter 19 Safeguarding children: the role of the children’s nurse Introduction Definition of key concepts Theories of maltreatment Risk factors for child maltreatment Professional responsibilities Summary Chapter 20 Ethics in children’s nursing Introduction The Nuremberg code and past unethical practice The Helsinki declaration The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Human Rights Act (1998) The four principles of healthcare ethics Advocacy Contemporary examples of child healthcare practice and research where the rights of the child or family have been breached Conducting research and protecting the rights of children and their families Summary Chapter 21 Legal aspects of child health care The legal system Refusal of treatment End-of-life issues Consent to non-therapeutic, controversial or experimental treatment Negligence Criminal liability Summary Chapter 22 The role of paediatric emergency assessment units Introduction Referral and admission to PEAU Observation Discharge and follow-up care Summary Chapter 23 Emergency department management of children The national picture Transportation to the emergency department What are fits, convulsions or seizures? Emergency care teams Triage in emergency departments Recognition and assessment of pain Making medicine administration and drug calculations safer Accuracy Family-centred care in the emergency department Summary Section 2 Knowledge and skills for practice Chapter 24 Children with complex motor disability Introduction Definitions, numbers, needs and services Nursing assessment and interventions Summary Chapter 25 Caring for children and young people with body fluid and electrolyte imbalance Water composition of the body Biological functions of water The thirst mechanism Nursing assessment and biochemical investigations Therapeutic strategies in caring for the child with body fluidand electrolyte imbalance Evidence-based principles of care in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance caused by acute diarrhoea Prevention Intravenous infusion therapy Chapter 26 Caring for children with genitourinary problems Introduction Escherichia coli Susceptibility to urinary tract infection Diagnostic problems Collecting urine Urine testing Antibiotic therapy Education and prevention The nephrotic syndrome Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Vesicoureteric reflux Wilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma) Hypospadias Cryptorchidism Circumcision Acute renal failure Chronic renal failure Summary Chapter 27 Respiratory illness in children Introduction Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract Respiratory assessment and examination of the chest Management of respiratory illness in children Respiratory infection Asthma Discussion of the scenarios Chapter 28 Caring for children with gastrointestinal problems Vomiting Diarrhoea: acute and chronic Malabsorption and food allergies Summary Chapter 29 Caring for children with cardiovascular problems Introduction The normal cardiovascular system The development of the cardiovascular system The origins and development of the embryonic and fetal heart The shaping of the embryonic cardiovascular system Developmental changes in the cardiovascular system Electrophysiology: functional features of the heart The cardiac cycle Determining the origins and extent of cardiovascular problemsin childhood Diagnostic assessment and evaluation of the child Nursing care considerations Therapeutic intervention Summary Chapter 30 Caring for children: the role of the immune system in protecting against disease Introduction Phase 1. The immediate response to infection: innate immunity Phase 2. The inflammatory response: the response after microbial attack Summary Chapter 31 Caring for children and adolescents with malignant disease Introduction Malignancy/cancer/tumour Shared care The illness trajectory Long-term survivors Surviving cancer and cure Summary References Chapter 32 Non-malignant haematological disorders of childhood Introduction Anatomy and physiology of the haematological system Interpretation of blood results Non-malignant haematological conditions Bone marrow failure syndromes Bleeding disorders Haemoglobinopathy Bleeding disorders Blood-borne viruses Bone marrow transplantation Discussion of the scenarios Chapter 33 Caring for a child with a neurological disorder Introduction The role, structure and function of the nervous system Overview of neurological disorders affecting children Principles of caring for a child with a cerebral dysfunction Overview and principles of managing selected neurological conditionsin childhood Summary Chapter 34 Caring for Children with Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders Endocrine system Diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Discussion of the scenarios Summary Acknowledgements Chapter 35 Caring for children with orthopaedic disorders Bone biology Fractures Traction Polytrauma Osteogenesis imperfecta Nursing care of a child with a hip spica cast Talipes (clubfoot) Description Treatment Perthes’ disease Discharge planning Section 3 Health problems and health promotion Chapter 36 Prevention of childhood injuries Introduction What can a practitioner do? Risk factors for injury Specific accident types Summary Chapter 37 Information is the key to empowerment Introduction Empowerment Patient-centred care The growth of consumer health information as a specialism Face-to-face with families Producing local information Improving the quality of health information Writing patient information leaflets Summary Acknowledgements Chapter 38 Inherited conditions and the family Introduction: the genetics revolution The genetics White Paper The impact of genetic diseaseon family life It runs in the family: the role of genetic factors in disease Genetic counselling and the family journey: the role of the children’s nurse Ethical issues for children’s nurses Summary Chapter 39 Health problems of the neonate Introduction Neonatal hypothermia Neonatal hypoglycaemia Neonatal nutrition Infection in the neonate Pain in the neonate Parents Attachment Summary Chapter 40 Health problems during infancy Nutrition Eczema Sleep and rest Immunisation Chapter 41 Health problems in early childhood Introduction Maintaining a safe environment Accidental poisoning Choking Burns and scalds Non-accidental injury Mobilising Communicating Breathing Upper respiratory tract infections Asthma Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) Eating and drinking Altered growth or failure to thrive Eliminating Gastroenteritis Personal cleansing and dressing Dental caries Eczema Scabies (S(Sarcoptes scabiei) Head lice Controlling body temperature Infectious diseases Chapter 42 Health needs of middle childhood The social world of the school child The school child and health promotion Common childhood accidents Trauma and surgery Assessment of the school child in the medical unit The chronically ill school child Mental health problems in school children Bullying: risk and resilience Mental health and social disadvantage Summary Chapter 43 Child and adolescent mental health: the nursing response Introduction The nature of adolescence The developmental tasks of adolescence Peer relationships Issues of sexuality, gender relationships and physical attractiveness Factors that influence adolescent health and the healthcare response Factors that increase the likelihood of health risk behaviours Childhood mental health Thinking about what makes us mentally healthy The mental health of adolescents Child and adolescent mental health services Promoting emotional well-being Interpersonal skills in the helping relationship with young people The therapeutic relationship Summary Section 4 Caring for children with special needs Chapter 44 Chronic illness and the family Definitions of chronic illness Key features of chronic illness Self-management in chronic illness Summary Chapter 45 Caring for children with critical illness Introduction What is critical illness? What constitutes an intensive care patient? Chapter 46 Care of the child requiring palliative care Introduction Palliative care for children – a historical perspective Palliative care for children – a distinct specialty Reaction to a life-limiting illness The team approach to paediatric palliative care Symptom control for children Holistic care of the child and family Care of the child following death Bereavement care Summary Chapter 47 Children with learning disabilities Introduction The nature of ‘learning disabilities’ Factors that can give rise to the presence of a learning disability The incidence of learning disability The impact of learning disability on the child and the family Initial diagnosis Growing up Transition to adult services The health needs of children with learning disabilities Working together Summary References Index Table of Contents: 1. Historical perspectives of children's nursing / E. Alan Glasper and Ruth M. Mitchell 2. Working with children and their families / Anna L. Hemphill and Annette K. Dearmun 3. Contemporary child health policy : the implications for children's nurses / E. Alan Glasper and Susan Lowson 4. Cultural aspects of children's nursing / Jim Richardson 5. The psychological preparation of children for hospitalisation / E. Alan Glasper and Rachel E. A. Haggarty 6. Family-centred care / Lynda Smith, Valerie Coleman and Maureen Bradshaw 7. Assessing and planning care in partnership / Anne Casey 8. Public health, primary health care and the development of community children's nursing / Mark Whiting 9. Family responses to ill health and admission to hospital / Sarah Dowle and Sally R. Siddall 10. Communicating with children and their families / Janet Matthews 11. The dynamic child - children's psychological development and its application to the delivery of care / Helen E. Rushforth 12. Physical growth and development in children / Janet Kelsey and Gill McEwing 13. Preparing the family for stressful life events, child life and the role of therapeutic play / Gary Mountain, Sue Fallon and Barbara Wood 14. The evidence base for children's nursing practice / Peter Callery, Sarah Neill and Sue Feasey 15. Involving children in healthcare research / Jennifer Allison, Rosemary King and E. Alan Glasper 16. Ensuring quality and the role of clinical audit / Janice Watson 17. The management of acute pain in children / Alison Twycross and Joanna Smith 18. Children and surgery / Linda Shields and Ann Tanner 19. Protecting children : the role of the children's nurse / Catherine Powell and Lorraine Ireland 20. Ethics in children's nursing / E. Alan Glasper and Jim Richardson 21. Legal aspects of child health care / Louise M. Terry and Anne Campbell 22. Assessing children's health needs over the telephone : using NHS direct as an exempler / Felicity Thompson, Rosalyn Moore and Susan Bourner 23. The role of paediatric emergency assessment units / Penny Aitken, E. Alan Glasper and Maureen Wiltshire 24. Emergency department management of sick children / Julie Flaherty and E. Alan Glasper 25. Children with complex motor disability / Jackie Parkes and Sonya Clarks 26. Caring for children with body fluid and electrolyte imbalance / Agnes B. Kanneh 27. Caring for children with genitourinary problems / Kevin McFarlane 28. Respiratory illness in children / Janet Kelsey and Gill McEwing 29. Caring for children with gastrointestinal problems / Julia M. Winter 30. Caring for children with cardiovascular problems / Barbara V. Novak 31. Caring for children : the role of the immune system in protecting against disease / Maureen R. Harrison 32. Caring for children and adolescents with malignant disease / Beth Sepion 33. Caring for a child with neurological dysfunction / Joanna Smith 34. Caring for children with diabetes and other endocrine disorders / Philomena Morrow 35. Caring for children with orthopaedic disorders / Brian Silverwood 36. Prevention of childhood injuries / Jo Sibert, Donna Mead and Jim Richardson 37. Information is the key to empowerment / Tom C. A. Hain and E. Alan Glasper 38. Inherited conditions and the family / Maggie Kirk and Emer Parker 39. Health problems of the neonate / Mary Brophy and Clare Barrow 40. Health problems during infancy / Kathy Scanlon and Anna-Lisa Sorrentino 41. Health problems in early childhood / Arija Nikola Parker 42. Health needs of middle childhood / Susan Hooton and Diane Scott 43. Child and adolescent mental health : the nursing response / Michael Cooper 44. Chronic illness and the family / Barbara Elliott, Peter Callery and Julie Mould 45. Caring for children with critical illness / Marion Aylott 46. Care of the child requiring palliative care / Jayne Price and Marisa McFarlane 47. Children with learning disabilities / Victoria Jones and Ruth Northway nurse for life - electronic access only Get to all of the high-quality content from Elsevier faster than ever! Your favourite textbooks are now available as e-books through nurse for life , allowing you to: Electronically search the book Create and share notes and highlights Save time with automatic referencing Load it up and change the way you learn! What do I get? You will be emailed a PIN code that will give you perpetual access to the electronic version of the book through nurse for life . Book description This title is directed primarily towards health care professionals outside of the United States. Covering the full age and specialty spectrum this text brings together for the first time, individual chapters from among the most respected children's nurses. This textbook is rooted in child-centred health care within a family context and draws upon best contemporary practice throughout the UK and further afield. This innovative text harnesses new design parameters in enquiry-based/problem-based learning, providing up-to-date information on a wide range of topics. In an exciting addition each chapter offers readers additional material on an Evolve website. Full Microsoft PowerPoint presentations augment the written chapters and provide extra information that includes case studies, moving image, photographs and text. Each chapter offers readers additional material on an Evolve website. Full Microsoft PowerPoint presentations augment the written chapters and provide extra information that includes case studies, moving image, photographs and text. Aims, objectives, learning outcomes, a summary box in each chapter and key points assist learning and understanding Professional conversation boxes enliven the text on the page and make it more interesting to dip into Suggestions for seminar discussion topics to help teachers Case studies help to relate theory to practice Prompts to promote reflective practice Activity boxes/suggested visits Evidence based practice boxes which highlight key research studies, annotated bibliographies including details of web-sites and full contemporary references to the evidence base Resource lists including recommended web-site addresses