A Systems Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Management (Artech House Power Engineering)

Previously limited to heavy and bulky lead-acid storage batteries, large format batteries were used only where absolutely necessary as a means of energy storage. The improved energy density, cycle life, power capability, and durability of lithium ion cells has given us electric and hybrid vehicles with meaningful driving range and performance, grid-tied energy storage systems for integration of renewable energy and load leveling, backup power systems and other applications. This book discusses battery management system (BMS) technology for large format lithium-ion battery packs from a systems perspective. It covers the future of BMS; provides new ways to generate, use, and store energy; free us from the perils of non-renewable energy sources; provides a full update on BMS technology, covering software, hardware, integration, testing, and safety. -- Read more... Abstract: Previously limited to heavy and bulky lead-acid storage batteries, large format batteries were used only where absolutely necessary as a means of energy storage. The improved energy density, cycle life, power capability, and durability of lithium ion cells has given us electric and hybrid vehicles with meaningful driving range and performance, grid-tied energy storage systems for integration of renewable energy and load leveling, backup power systems and other applications. This book discusses battery management system (BMS) technology for large format lithium-ion battery packs from a systems perspective. It covers the future of BMS; provides new ways to generate, use, and store energy; free us from the perils of non-renewable energy sources; provides a full update on BMS technology, covering software, hardware, integration, testing, and safety Power Engineering A Systems Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Management 1 Contents 8 1 Introduction 18 1.1 Battery Management Systems and Appli 18 1.2 State of the Art 19 1.3 Challenges 23 2 Lithium-Ion Battery Fundamentals 26 2.1 Battery Operation 26 2.2 Battery Construction 27 2.3 Battery Chemistry 30 2.4 Safety 36 2.5 Longevity 39 2.6 Performance 40 2.7 Integration 41 3 Large-Format Systems 44 3.1 Definition 44 3.2 Balance of Plant 46 3.3 Load Interface 47 3.4 Variation and Divergence 48 3.5 Application Parameters 49 4 System Description 52 4.1 Typical Inputs 53 4.2 Typical Outputs 55 4.3 Typical Functions 57 4.4 Summary 58 5 Architectures 60 5.1 Monolithic 60 5.2 Distributed 62 5.3 Semi-Distributed 62 5.4 Connection Methods 64 5.5 Additional Scalability 66 5.6 Battery Pack Architectures 67 5.7 Power Supply 68 5.8 Control Power 69 5.9 Computing Architecture 70 6 Measurement 72 6.1 Cell Voltage Measurement 72 6.2 Current Measurement 78 6.2.1 Current Sensors 79 6.2.2 Current Sense Measurement 85 6.3 Synchronization of Current and Volta 87 6.4 Temperature Measurement 88 6.5 Measurement Uncertainty and Battery 93 6.6 Interlock Status 93 7 Control 96 7.1 Contactor Control 96 7.2 Soft Start or Precharge Circuits 98 7.3 Control Topologies 100 7.4 Contactor Opening Transients 102 7.5 Chatter Detection 103 7.6 Economizers 105 7.7 Contactor Topologies 106 7.8 Contactor Fault Detection 107 8 Battery Management System Functionality 112 8.1 Charging Strategies 112 8.1.1 CC/CV Charging Method 112 8.1.2 Target Voltage Method 113 8.1.3 Constant Current Method 114 8.2 Thermal Management 115 8.3 Operational Modes 116 9 High-Voltage Electronics Fundamentals 120 9.1 High-Voltage DC Hazards 120 9.2 Safety of High-Voltage Electronics 121 9.3 Conductive Anodic Filaments 124 9.4 Floating Measurements 125 9.4.1 Y-Capacitance 126 9.5 HV Isolation 126 9.6 ESD Suppression on Isolated Devices 129 9.7 Isolation Detection 131 10 Communications 134 10.1 Overview 134 10.2 Network Technologies 134 10.2.1 IC/SPI 135 10.2.2 RS-232 and RS-485 135 10.2.3 Local Interconnect Network 137 10.2.4 CAN 137 10.2.5 Ethernet and TCP/IP 138 10.2.6 Modbus 139 10.2.7 FlexRay 139 10.3 Network Design 139 11 Battery Models 146 11.1 Overview 146 11.2 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 147 11.3 Hysteresis 152 11.4 Coulombic Efficiency 154 11.5 Nonlinear Elements 155 11.6 Self-Discharge Modeling 158 11.7 Physics-Based Battery Models 159 11.7.1 Doyle-Fuller-Newman Model 159 11.7.2 Single Particle Model 159 11.8 State-Space Representations of Batt 162 References 164 12 Parameter Identification 166 12.1 Brute-Force Approach 166 12.2 Online Parameter Identification 167 12.3 SOC/OCV Characterization 168 12.4 Kalman Filtering 169 12.5 Recursive Least Squares 169 12.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectrosc 170 13 Limit Algorithms 172 13.1 Purpose 172 13.2 Goals 173 13.3 Limit Strategy 173 13.4 Determining Safe Operating Area 174 13.5 Temperature 175 13.6 SOC/DOD 178 13.7 Cell Voltage 180 13.8 Faults 181 13.9 First-Order Predictive Power Limit 181 13.10 Polarization-Dependent Limit 182 13.11 Limit Violation Detection 182 13.12 Limits with Multiple Parallel Stri 183 14 Charge Balancing 184 14.1 Balancing Strategies 185 14.2 Balancing Optimization 186 14.3 Charge Transfer Balancing 188 14.3.1 Flying Capacitor 189 14.3.2 Inductive Charge Transfer Balanci 191 14.3.3 Transformer Charge Balancing 194 14.4 Dissipative Balancing 194 14.5 Balancing Faults 198 15 State-of-Charge Estimation Algorithms 200 15.1 Overview 200 15.2 Challenges 200 15.3 Definitions 202 15.4 Coulomb Counting 204 15.5 SOC Corrections 205 15.6 OCV Measurements 206 15.7 Temperature Compensation 207 15.8 Kalman Filtering 207 15.9 Other Observer Methods 212 Reference 213 16 State-of-Health Estimation Algorithms 214 16.1 State of Health 214 16.2 Mechanisms of Failure 216 16.3 Predictive SOH Models 217 16.4 Impedance Detection 220 16.4.1 Passive Methods 220 16.4.2 Active Methods 222 16.5 Capacity Estimation 224 16.6 Self-Discharge Detection 227 16.7 Parameter Estimation 227 16.8 Dual-Loop System 227 16.9 Remaining Useful Life Estimation 228 16.10 Particle Filters 228 Reference 230 17 Fault Detection 232 17.1 Overview 232 17.2 Failure Detection 232 17.2.1 Overcharge/Overvoltage 232 17.2.2 Over-Temperature 236 17.2.3 Overcurrent 236 17.2.4 Battery Imbalance/Excessive Self- 237 17.2.5 Internal Short Circuit Detection 238 17.2.6 Detection of Lithium Plating 238 17.2.7 Venting Detection 238 17.2.8 Excessive Capacity Loss 239 17.3 Reaction Strategies 239 References 240 18 Hardware Implementation 242 18.1 Packaging and Product Development 242 18.2 Battery Management System IC Select 243 18.3 Component Selection 249 18.3.1 Microprocessor 249 18.3.2 Other Components 250 18.4 Circuit Design 251 18.5 Layout 253 18.6 EMC 253 18.7 Power Supply Architectures 254 18.8 Manufacturing 255 19 Software Implementation 258 19.1 Safety-Critical Software 259 19.2 Design Goals 260 19.3 Analysis of Safety-Critical Softwar 260 19.4 Validation and Coverage 261 19.5 Model Implementation 263 19.6 Balancing 264 19.7 Temperature Impact on State of Char 265 20 Safety 266 20.1 Functional Safety 266 20.2 Hazard Analysis 266 20.3 Safety Goals 270 20.4 Safety Concepts and Strategies 271 20.5 Reference Design for Safety 271 21 Data Collection 276 21.1 Lifetime Data Gathering 276 22 Robustness and Reliability 280 22.1 Failure Mode Analysis 281 22.2 Environmental Durability 284 22.3 Abuse Conditions 286 22.4 Reliability Engineering 287 23 Best Practice 288 23.1 Engineering System Development 288 23.2 Industry Standards 289 23.3 Quality 290 24 Future Developments 292 24.1 Subcell Modeling 292 24.2 Adaptive Algorithms 292 24.3 Advanced Safety 293 24.4 System Integration 293 Endnotes 294 About the Author 296 Index 298 Lithium-ion,battery;,Battery,management;,Power,engineering;,Artech,House;,978-1-60807-659-8 Lithium-ion battery,Battery management,Power engineering,Artech House,978-1-60807-659-8 The advent of lithium ion batteries has brought a significant shift in the area of large format battery systems. Previously limited to heavy and bulky lead-acid storage batteries, large format batteries were used only where absolutely necessary as a means of energy storage. The improved energy density, cycle life, power capability, and durability of lithium ion cells has given us electric and hybrid vehicles with meaningful driving range and performance, grid-tied energy storage systems for integration of renewable energy and load leveling, backup power systems and other applications. This book discusses battery management system (BMS) technology for large format lithium-ion battery packs from a systems perspective. This resource covers the future of BMS, giving us new ways to generate, use, and store energy, and free us from the perils of non-renewable energy sources. This book provides a full update on BMS technology, covering software, hardware, integration, testing, and safety. The advent of lithium ion batteries has brought a significant shift in the area of large format battery systems. This title discusses battery management system (BMS) technology for large format lithium-ion battery packs from a systems perspective. It provides an update on BMS technology, covering software, hardware, integration, testing, and safety.