A System Engineering Approach to Disaster Resilience: Select Proceedings of VCDRR 2021 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 205)

This book presents the select proceedings of the Virtual Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (VCDRR 2021). It emphasizes on the role of civil engineering for a disaster resilient society. Various topics covered in this book are risk assessment, prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response, early warning system, hazard mapping, engineering innovations for hazard mitigation, and safe design of structures. This book is a comprehensive volume on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and its management for a sustainable built environment. This book will be useful for the students, researchers, policy makers and professionals working in the area of civil engineering, especially disaster management. Preface Contents About the Editors A System Engineering Approach to Disaster Resilience—An Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Disaster Preparedness 3 Climate Change Adaptation and Mapping Tools 4 Resilient City and Flooding 5 Community Resilience Measures 6 Dams and Slope Mitigation 7 Strengthening Measures 8 Summary References Disaster Preparedness Impact of Human Activities Inducing and Triggering of Natural Disasters 1 Introduction 2 Effects of Human Population and Activities on Climate Change 2.1 Extension of Atmospheric Strata Boundary 3 Effects of Population Impacting on Environmental Degradation 4 Impact of Human Footprint Causing Natural Disasters 4.1 Capacity of Planet Earth to Support Human Population 5 Ecological Footprint (EF) 6 Prominent Ways of Triggering Natural Disasters 7 Disaster Management Strategies 8 Discussion 9 Concluding Remarks References Implementation of Build Back Better Concept for Post-Disaster Reconstruction in Sri Lanka 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 What is Build Back Better? 2.2 Build Back Better in Sri Lanka 3 Research Methodology 4 Data Analysis and Findings 4.1 Case 1- PDR Project Implemented Due to Landslides in Badulla 4.2 Case 2-PDR Project Implemented Due to Landslides in Kaluthara 4.3 Case 3-PDR Project Implemented Due to Landslides in Galle 5 Discussion 5.1 Disaster Risk Reduction 5.2 Community Recovery 5.3 Implementation 6 Conclusions References Disaster Affected People’s Vulnerability Assessment Through Addressing Padma River Bank Erosion 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Objectives of the Study 2 Literature Review 3 Background of the Study Area 4 Methodology 5 Data Analysis and Result 5.1 Effect on the Livelihood of the Respondents After Riverbank Erosion 5.2 Before and After Riverbank Erosion Land Status 5.3 Before and After Riverbank Erosion Dwelling Status 5.4 Occupational Change After Riverbank Erosion 5.5 Resettlement Problems After Riverbank Erosion 5.6 Social Capital Status in the City After Riverbank Erosion 5.7 Aid from Different Organization After Riverbank Erosion 6 Recommendation and Conclusion 6.1 Recommendation References An Investigative Study on Material and Its Performance of Intermediate Disaster Relief Shelters 1 Introduction 1.1 Why is There a Need for Intermediate Semi-permanent Shelters? 2 Literature Review 2.1 Review of the Factors Influencing the Design Decision of Disaster Shelters 2.2 Types of Intermediate Disaster Relief Shelters 2.3 Urge to Enable Victim-driven Intermediate Disaster Relief Shelters 3 Recommendations 4 Conclusion References Development of Emergency Food Aid Plan for Renal Disease Patients: A Vital Disaster Preparedness 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Creation of Food Database 2.2 Creation of Food Database 2.3 Food Prices 2.4 Nutritional Constraints 2.5 Diet Optimization by Linear Programming 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Understanding Disaster Preparedness Level in the South Indian City of Chennai 1 Introduction 1.1 A Subsection Sample 2 Methodology 2.1 Questionnaire Development 2.2 Sampling 2.3 Field Survey 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effect of Psychological and Risk Perception Factors on Preparedness Levels 3.2 Effect of Demographic Factors on Preparedness Levels 3.3 Role of Various Media to Disseminate Disaster Information 4 Conclusions References Emergency Preparedness and Response—An Evidence-Based Onsite Audit Conducted in Two Hundred Organizations 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Gap 4 Research Methodology 4.1 Reliability Analysis 5 Results 6 Conclusions 7 Scope for Future Work Appendix References Framework for Location-Allocation of Shelters for Evacuation During Cyclones 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Framework Implementation 3.1 Study Area 3.2 Modelling Approach 4 Solution Procedure 5 Results and Discussions 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Climate Change Adaptation and Mapping Tools Assessment of Socio-economic Impact of Urban Flooding in Hyderabad Due to Climate Change 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Flooding in Indian Cities 1.3 Impact of Climate Change and Urbanisation on Flooding 2 Methodology 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Climate Change and Rainfall 2.3 Survey and Data Collection 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Application of ArcGIS and HEC-RAS in Assessing Sedimentation in Godavari River Reach 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Geometry 2.2 One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Model 2.3 Sediment Transport Model 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Calibration of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (N) 3.2 Sediment Transport Function 3.3 Predication of Mean Effective Invert Change 4 Conclusion References Decision Support Tool for Blast Mitigation 1 Introduction 2 Blast Effect Phenomena 3 Building Damage/Injury Criteria 4 Blast Mitigation Tool 5 Results and Discussion 6 Scope and Limitations of Work 7 Conclusion 8 Future Study References Pavement Design Considering Changing Climate Temperature 1 Introduction 2 Future Increase of Pavement Temperature 2.1 IRC: 37-2018 Provision 2.2 Case Studies 2.3 Conventional Pavement 3 Perpetual Pavement 4 Analysis for Life Cycle Cost (LCCA) 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Application of GIS and AHP-Based Integrated Methodology for Mapping and Characterizing Socioeconomic Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: A Case Study of Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis 2.3 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 2.4 Construction of Composite Socioeconomic Vulnerability Index (SeVI) 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Individual Assessment of Vulnerability Components 3.2 Composite Socioeconomic Vulnerability 4 Conclusion Appendix 1 Appendix 2 References Resilient Sustainable Land Use Planning for Climate Change Adaptation for an Urban Area 1 Introduction 2 The Indian Scenario and Adaptability 2.1 Anthropogenic Causes 2.2 Lessons Learnt and Possible Adaptations 2.3 Global Adaptations and Best Practices 3 Discussion 3.1 Towards Resilient Sustainable Landuse Planning Approach (RSLUP) 3.2 The EQMG (Establish, Quantify, Manage and Govern) Pathway for RSLUP 4 Conclusion References Resilient City and Flooding Identification of Risks in the Water Conduction Infrastructure for Supply Systems, a Strategy to Increase Resilience 1 Introductions 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions References A State-of-the-Art Review on the Unique Characteristics, Key Driving Causes and Mitigation Measures of the World Catastrophic Flood Disasters 1 Introduction 2 Flood 2.1 Definitions, Characteristics and Major Causes of Flood 2.2 Historical Flood Tragedies According to Different Regions 3 Flood Mitigation Measures 4 Conclusion References Road Accident Hazard Prevention by Applying the Haddon Matrix 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Analysis of Road Accident Hazard Influencing Factors 3.1 Human Factors 3.2 Vehicular Factors 3.3 Road and Environment Factors 4 The Crash Phases Analysis 4.1 Pre-crash Phase 4.2 Crash Phase 4.3 Post-crash Phase 5 The Haddon Matrix Analysis with Crash Prevention Strategies 6 Conclusion References No Fine Concrete Pavement—A Sustainable Solution for Flood Disaster Mitigation 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 Research Significance 2 Methodology 3 Material Properties and Testing 3.1 Casting and Curing of Test Samples 3.2 Test Procedures 4 Mix Design 5 Result and Discussion 5.1 Effect of Change in Aggregate Size 5.2 Effect of Change in Aggregate Proportion 5.3 Effect of Change in Fibre Proportion 6 Conclusion References Disaster Resilience and Rehabilitation in Kerala: A Critical Review of CARe-Kerala’s Housing Scheme 1 Introduction 1.1 Aim 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Research Question 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Need for the Study 2 Background Studies 2.1 Kerala Disaster Vulnerability and Floods 2.2 CARe-Kerala Housing Scheme, CARe-Home Projects 3 Overview of the Review 3.1 Features of CARe-Kerala Housing Projects 3.2 Evaluation Using Potential Success Criteria Variables for CARe-Kerala Housing Projects 3.3 Inferences 4 Conclusion References Community Resilience Measures Measuring Disaster Resilience at Community Level and Exploring the Prospects of Revitalizing Communities Coalescing Disaster Risk 1 Introduction 2 Resilience and Measuring Disaster Resilience 2.1 Scales of Measurement 2.2 Characteristics of Measurement 2.3 Dimensions/Capitals 3 Resilience and Sustainability 4 Concept, Definition and Strategies Used for Revitalization 5 Interdependencies and Inter-Linkages of Concept of Resilience and Revitalization 6 Revitalizing Communities Coalescing Disaster Resilience 7 Conclusion References Safeguard and Preventive Measures of Natural Disasters Using Early Warning Systems—A Comprehensive Review 1 Introduction 2 Floods 3 Earthquake 4 Landslides 5 Tsunami 6 Volcano 7 Future Scope and Recommendation 8 Conclusion References Potentiality Assessment of Community Open Space for Disaster Management Purpose: A Participatory Approach to Reduce Disaster Vulnerability on a Community 1 Background of the study 2 Literature Review 2.1 Concept of Community Open Spaces and Their Importance 2.2 Using Open Spaces as a Tool for Disaster Management 2.3 Community-Based Approaches for Disaster Management 3 Methodology 3.1 Study Area Profile 3.2 Implication of PVR Technique 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Vulnerability Assessment 5 Capacity of Community to Reduce the Risk on Open Space and Waterbody 5.1 Resource Availability in the Study Area 5.2 Institutional Arrangement and Dependency of the Community People 5.3 Mobility Pattern of Community People Regarding Open Space Use 6 Potentiality of the Open Spaces and Water Bodies Towards Disaster Management Strategy Development 6.1 Insight of Community People Regarding Using the Open Spaces for Disaster Management 6.2 Insights of Experts Regarding the Use and Potentiality of Open Spaces and Water Bodies 6.3 SWOT Analysis 7 Recommendations and Conclusion 7.1 Recommendations by Key Personnel and from the Community 7.2 Conclusion References Approach to Simulate the Rainwater Runoff at Site Level Using Rhino Grasshopper 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Site Selection 2.2 Precipitation Data 2.3 Validation 2.4 Model Inputs 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Runoff Direction 3.2 Rainwater Inundation 4 Conclusion 5 Limitation and Future Scope References Applications of AI in Health Monitoring of Structures in Potential Seismic Areas—A Review 1 Introduction 2 Artificial Intelligence 2.1 Machine Learning 2.2 Artificial Neural Network 3 AI in Structural Health Monitoring 4 Prediction of Damage 4.1 Multistorey Buildings 5 Damage Identification 5.1 Buildings 5.2 Bridges 5.3 Underground Structures 5.4 Liquid Storage Tanks 6 Conclusion References State-Funded Macro-Insurance Policy for Disaster Resilience: A Study on National Disaster Insurance Policy in Sri Lanka 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Disaster and Disaster Management 2.2 Disaster Management in Developed and Developing Countries 2.3 Insurance for Disaster 2.4 Sri Lankan Disaster Management and Insurance Policy 3 Research Method 4 Analysis 4.1 Disasters in Sri Lanka 4.2 Process of Disaster Evaluation and Compensation in Sri Lanka 4.3 Issues and Challenges in the NNDI Policy 4.4 Conclusion References Hydrological Analysis for Flood Forecasting at Sg Golok River Basin Malaysia 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Developing the Flood Risk Matrix for Impact-Based Forecasting in Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Data Collection 3 Research Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Receptor’s Impact by Impact Threshold 4.2 Flood Risk Matrix for Sungai Kelantan 4.3 Verification Flood Risk Matrix for Flood 2014 5 Conclusion References Dams and Slope Mitigation Hydrodynamic Simulation and Dam-Break Analysis Using HEC-RAS 5 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Data Collection 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Summary and Conclusions References Dam Safety—Living with the Risk of Failure 1 Introduction 2 Hirakud Dam 3 Dam-Breach Model 4 Numerical Flood Models 5 Comparison of 1D and 2DH Flood Simulation Results 6 Summary and Conclusions References Response of Hill-Slope Buildings Subjected to Near-Fault Ground Motion 1 Introduction 2 Objectives of the Study 3 Pulse Characterization of Himalayan Earthquakes Adopting Wavelet Analysis 4 Estimation of Ground Motion Including Near-Fault Factor at Bhatwari, Gopeshwar and Shapur Sites 5 Dynamic Analysis of Hill-Slope Buildings 6 Floor Displacement (FD) of 212SB & 513SB Building Models Along (X-Dir) and Across (Y-Dir) the Slope 7 Floor Displacement (FD) of 212SBSB & 515SBSB Building Models Along (X-Dir) and Across (Y-Dir) the Slope 8 Ground Column Shear Force of 212SB & 513SB Building Models Along (X-Dir) and Across (Y-Dir) the Slope 9 Ground Column Shear Force of 212SBSB & 515SBSB Building Models Along (X-Dir) and Across (Y-Dir) the Slope 10 Conclusions References Microseismic Monitoring to Analyze Rock Mass Micro-Cracking in Underground Powerhouse to Mitigate Potential Disaster 1 Introduction 2 Microseismic Monitoring System at Tala Hydropower Plant 3 Microseismic Data Processing and Analysis 4 Stability Status of THP Powerhouse Cavern 5 Conclusions References Stability Analysis of a Debris Slope by Micropile Reinforcement Technique: A Case Study from the North-Western Himalayas 1 Introduction 2 Geotechnical and Geological Investigations 3 Limit Equilibrium Analysis 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Strengthening Measures Optimal Design of True Negative Stiffness Damper as a Supplemental Damping Device for Base-Isolated Structure 1 Introduction 2 Structural Model 2.1 Fixed Base Structure (FB) 2.2 Base Isolated Structure (BI) 2.3 Base Isolated with NSD (BINSAD) 2.4 Base Isolated with VD (BIVD) 2.5 Base Isolated with VED (BIVED) 3 Numerical Study 3.1 Effectiveness of NSAD as a Supplemental Damper 4 Conclusion References Material Uncertainty Based Seismic Robustness Assessment of Steel Moment-Resisting Frames 1 Introduction to the Investigation 2 Overview of Robustness Index 3 Analytical Modeling Details 4 Methodology for Structural Performance Assessment 5 Analysis Results and Discussions 6 Concluding Remarks References Mitigation of Progressive Collapse of Multi-Storey Steel Building by Providing Chevron Bracings 1 Introduction 2 General Services Administration (GSA) Guidelines 3 Methodology 3.1 Description of Model 4 Linear Static Analysis 4.1 Determination of Load Increase Factor 5 Nonlinear Static (Pushdown) Analysis 6 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis 6.1 Simulation of Sudden Column Removal 7 Conclusions References Seismic Evaluation, Strengthening and Retrofitting of Schools in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 1 Introduction 2 Structural Analysis of Masonry Buildings 2.1 In-Plane Safety Evaluation 2.2 Out-of-Plane Safety Evaluation 3 Case Study 1 3.1 School Background (Government High School, Khalini) 3.2 Retrofitting Proposed for Masonry Part of School 3.3 Structural Analysis and Retrofitting of RC Part of Building 4 Case Study 2 4.1 School Background (Totu School) 4.2 Retrofitting Solutions Proposed and Carried Out 5 Issues in Retrofitting 6 Conclusions References Seismic Strengthening and Retrofitting Techniques and Solutions for an Existing RC Frame: An Overview 1 Introduction 2 Retrofitting Techniques 2.1 RC Jacketing 2.2 Steel Jacketing 2.3 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Jacketing 2.4 Steel Bracing 2.5 Addition of Shear Walls 3 Conclusion References Integrated Site Investigation Procedure (ISIP) for Managing Infrastructure Development 1 Introduction 1.1 Integrated Site Investigation Procedure (ISIP) 1.2 Integrated Site Investigation Procedure 1.3 Development of Thematic Map Using Integrated Site Investigation Procedure 1.4 Thematic Maps in Physical Development Plan 1.5 Example of Integrated Site Investigation Procedure 1.6 Managing Development on Zone 2 and Zone 3 1.7 Conclusion References