تاریخ اجتماعی سواد در ژاپن

Despite the great interest in and the availability of enormous literature about education in Japan, this book is a translation of the first work written in Japanese on the history of literacy in Japan. The authors are each accomplished scholars of Japanese educational history, and each provides solid empirical evidence and original analyses of literacy in their own particular specialty, from Heian aristocrats, to religious sects in the medieval period, to Christian believers in the sixteenth century, to a variety of farmers and merchants in early modern times. 0The book is unique in the sense that literacy in Japan is analysed with a high degree of methodological sophistication backed by empirical evidence in the form of ?signatures? or personal marks on documents, on so many topics. The result is to show the often fallacious and easy generalizations made about literacy in Japan and to show that evidence exists to enable more robust empirical investigations to be undertaken. This book will make it possible for the Japanese case to be used more meaningfully worldwide and in comparative studies of literacy.00Edited and translated by Richard Rubinger Cover Front Matter Half title Title page Copyright information Contents List of figures List of charts Preface Background Aims of the Book The Japanese Writing System and Literacy New Materials Chapter Outline Note on Style Acknowledgments Notes Chapter 1-9 Chapter 1 Estimating Literacy in Premodern Japan The Meaning of Literacy in the Early Modern Era Literacy Estimates from Descriptive Materials Estimates of Literacy by Statistical Methods Estimates of Literacy Based on Writing School Attendance Estimates Based on School Entrance Registers Using Signatures for Estimates of Literacy Rates Conclusion Notes Chapter 2 “Illiteracy” Among Heian Period Aristocrats Introduction “Totally Illiterate” Upper-Level Aristocrats: Fujiwara Michitsuna Fujiwara Tsunezane Nobles Who “Didn’t Know Chinese Characters” (kanji o shirazu): Fujiwara Sanenori The Ability of Councilors to Write Documents Writing Regulations for Buddhist Names Late Heian Aristocratic Society and Written Script Official Appointments High-Level Heian Period Aristocrats Conclusion Notes Chapter 3 Learning and Literacy Among Ikkō Ikki Adherents Introduction Learning at Ikkō ikki Seminaries Literacy as a Premise for Student Learning Learning and Texts Used at Seminaries Special Characteristics of Anjin Ketsujō-shō The Establishment of Spiritual Belief Conclusion Notes Chapter 4 Literacy and Orality in Support of Christian Beliefs in Early Modern Japan Introduction Urakami Persecutions and the Literacy of Believers The Jesuit Strategy of “Top Down” Propagation Establishment of Schools by the Jesuits Jesuit Publishing Christian Believers and the Village Community Prayer and the Continuity of the Faith Following the Christian Ban Conclusion Notes Chapter 5 Personal Marks and Literacy Among Early Confirming Marks by Farmers in the Fourteenth Century Document #1: Oath Signed by Residents of Katsuragawa, Twenty-First Day, Sixth Month, 1318. Farmer Ciphers and Other Confirming Marks, 1312–17 and 1319–21 Farmer “Signatures” from the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries Farmer Marks from the First Half of the Seventeenth Century Farmer Identification Marks at the End of the Seventeenth Century Conclusion Notes Chapter 6 Literacy in Early Modern Echizen and Wakasa Regions Introduction Commoner Ciphers and Literacy The Condition of Education in Echizen and Wakasa Commoner Ciphers in Echizen and Wakasa Regional Characteristics of Iwamoto Village Fluent Practitioners of the Brush in Iwamoto Village Conclusion Notes Chapter 7 Education of Provincial Merchants in Early Modern Aizu: Evidence From the Keiseikan Diary Introduction Early Modern Aizu-Takada Township and the Historical Records of the Tanaka Family Keiseikan and Aizu Domain’s Education Policies Tanaka Yoshina and Tanaka Shigeyoshi as Teachers Education at Keiseikan from the Keiseikan Diary School Schedules and Guidance Keiseikan as a Private Academy Backgrounds of Students from the Saji Family Conclusion: Keiseikan and the Cultural Milieu of Takada in the Early Modern Period Notes Chapter 8 Literacy in Ōzenji Village in the Early Nineteenth Century Introduction Overview of Peasant Disturbances in Ōzenji Village Literacy Formation among Residents on Zōjōji Temple Lands The Particulars of Peasant Rebellions Land Tax Registers for Fields, Mountains, and Houses Levels of Literacy Conclusion Notes Chapter 9 Early Meiji Literacy: The Case of Wakayama Prefecture Introduction Sources on Wakayama Literacy Source B: Literacy Records in Lesser Ward 12 Sources C and D: Katsuragi Source E: Mihama Report on the Ability to Write Correspondence (Chart 8) Further Details Source Analysis Comparing 51 Villages in Wakayama The Impact of Village Production Conclusion ADDENDUM Notes End Matter Glossary Contributors Authors Translators Index