سابقه‌ای در استخوان: بررسی آثار استخوان و دندان بومیان و جزایر توری

Bone and tooth tools and ornaments have been made by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples for at least 46,000 years – some of the oldest organic technologies in the world. Despite their beauty, sophistication, and ubiquity, archaeologists and other researchers have overwhelmingly focused on the stone artefacts of Australia. Consequently, until now, we knew little of how bone and tooth objects were made and used, or how individual communities differed in how they worked with these distinctive materials. A Record in Bone brings together the scattered and sometimes difficult-to-find research and findings of more than a century. It reveals innovative bone, tooth, quill, and claw industries, including extensive use of ornamentation, bone points, fishhooks, and much more. This volume is a perfect companion to A Record in Stone: The study of Australia's flaked stone artefacts (ASP 2007). It is an invaluable reference text for professionals and students of archaeology, anthropology, Indigenous studies, and museum studies; and an easy-to-read introduction for anyone interested in Australia's deep past. Cover Endorsements Title page Imprint page Foreword Contents List of figures List of tables Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Why study bone and tooth artefacts? Introduction A brief overview of bone and tooth artefacts through deep time A historical overview of Australian bone and tooth artefact finds What types of materials are worked? Products of Australia: tools and ornaments What is in this book SUMMARY Chapter 2: Bone tool analysis: Identifying materials and production processes Introduction Archaeozoology and osseous tool analysis Undertaking a new analysis Raw material properties Identifying osseous (or keratin) artefacts Types of bone- and tooth-working Wear and damage from use Lying on the ground: biting, gnawing, and weathering While in the ground During excavation and analysis Osseous artefact studies to date SUMMARY Chapter 3: Attributes in describing tool types Introduction Terms for describing tools Identifying raw material Active edge Hafted or handheld? Orientation Cross-section Microtraces: traces from manufacturing, use, and taphonomic processes Defining ‘types’ SUMMARY Chapter 4: Attributes in describing ornament types Introduction Terms for describing ornamentation Raw material and shape Orientation and metrics Manufacturing traces Attachment and use traces SUMMARY Chapter 5: Tools Introduction Defining types Awls Burnishers Ceremonial tools Charms Combs Containers Death Pointers Drills Eating utensils Fans and fly-flicks Fighting tools Fishhooks Groovers/smoothing boards Handles Harpoons Housing Knives Medical or surgical tools Murder weapons Musical instruments Needles Pins or fasteners Skin-workingtools Smoking pipes Spear points Spearthrower pegs Stone-workingtools Toys Woodworking tools Material culture made on human bone SUMMARY Chapter 6: Ornaments Introduction Ornaments worn on the head Ornaments worn around the neck Ornaments worn on the torso Ornaments worn on the arms and hands SUMMARY Chapter 7: From artefacts to understanding the human story in Australia Introduction Recurring themes from Australian bone and tooth artefacts The future of Australian bone and tooth artefact studies Conclusion SUMMARY References Index About the author