A New Era for Microbial Corrosion Mitigation Using Nanotechnology: Biocorrosion and Nanotechnology (Advances in Material Research and Technology)

This book focuses on corrosion and microbial corrosion, providing solutions for these problems based on nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. It introduces the causes, consequences, cost and control of corrosion processes. It gives a particular emphasis on microbial corrosion of steel and other metals in oil, gas and shipping industries. The book presents the materials vulnerable to such kind of corrosion, and the use of nanomaterials to control it. Preface 8 Contents 10 Abbreviations 14 1 Basic Corrosion Fundamentals, Aspects and Currently Applied Strategies for Corrosion Mitigation 20 1.1 Introduction 20 1.2 Corrosion: Problem Definition 21 1.3 Developments in Corrosion Science 23 1.4 Impact of Corrosion on Economy and Life 24 1.5 Forms of Corrosion 25 1.5.1 Sweet Corrosion or CO2 Corrosion 25 1.5.2 Sour Corrosion 26 1.5.3 Uniform or General Corrosion 27 1.5.4 Localized Corrosion 27 1.5.5 Pitting Corrosion 27 1.5.6 Crevice Corrosion 28 1.5.7 Galvanic Corrosion 30 1.5.8 Erosion Corrosion 30 1.5.9 Oxygen Corrosion 30 1.5.10 Selective Leaching or Dealloying 31 1.5.11 Microbial Corrosion 31 1.6 Engineering Materials 31 1.6.1 Carbon Steel 31 1.6.2 Mild Steel 32 1.6.3 Ferrous and Steel Alloys 32 1.6.4 Non-ferrous Metals 33 1.7 Corrosion Tests 34 1.7.1 Metal Sample Preparation 34 1.7.2 Corrosion Test Medium 34 1.7.3 Gravimetric and Electrochemical Measurements 35 1.8 Corrosion Mitigation Strategies 35 1.8.1 Paints and Coatings 35 1.8.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 40 1.8.3 Cathodic Protection 56 1.8.4 Use of Corrosion Resistant Alloys 59 1.9 Conclusions 59 References 60 2 The Catastrophic Battle of Biofouling in Oil and Gas Facilities: Impacts, History, Involved Microorganisms, Biocides and Polymer Coatings to Combat Biofouling 65 2.1 Introduction 65 2.2 Definition and Impacts of Biofouling 67 2.2.1 Medical Sector 68 2.2.2 Marine Sector 69 2.2.3 Industrial Sector 69 2.3 Microbial Biofouling 70 2.3.1 History of Research on Microbial Corrosion 71 2.3.2 Mechanism and Microorganisms Involved in Biotic/Aerobic Microbial Corrosion 72 2.3.3 Mechanism and Microorganisms Involved in Abiotic/Anaerobic Microbial Corrosion 77 2.4 Macrobial Biofouling 81 2.5 Factors Affecting Biofouling Process 83 2.6 Metals Susceptible to Biofouling 83 2.6.1 Copper and Its Alloys 84 2.6.2 Carbon Steel 84 2.6.3 Stainless Steel 85 2.6.4 Aluminium-Based and Nickel-Based Alloys 85 2.6.5 Titanium-Based Alloys 85 2.7 Analytical Techniques and Tools Used for the Assessment of Microbial Corrosion 86 2.7.1 Microbiological Assays 86 2.7.2 Electrochemical Assays 87 2.7.3 Surface Analysis Assays 88 2.7.4 Molecular Microbiological Assays 89 2.7.5 Other Spectroscopic Assays 89 2.8 Use of Biocides to Combat Biofouling 90 2.8.1 Oxidizing Biocides 91 2.8.2 Non-oxidizing Biocides 92 2.9 Recent Research Towards Green Biocides 93 2.9.1 Extracts of Plant Biomaterials as Biocides 93 2.9.2 Micro- and Macro-Algae and Seaweeds 99 2.9.3 Inhibition of Quorum Sensing to Combat Biofouling 103 2.9.4 Biofouling Inhibition by Microorganisms 104 2.10 Use of Polymer Coatings to Combat Biocorrosion 108 2.11 Conclusions 109 References 111 3 Emphasis on the Devastating Impacts of Microbial Biofilms in Oil and Gas Facilities 118 3.1 Introduction 118 3.2 Biofilm Definition and Composition 120 3.3 Developmental Stages of Biofilms 121 3.4 Estimated Economical Costs Due to Biofilm Formation in Oil and Gas Industries 123 3.5 Techniques Employed for Biofilm Characterization 123 3.5.1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) 123 3.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 124 3.5.3 Cryo-Electron Microscopy (EM) 124 3.5.4 Scanning Transmission X-Ray, Atomic Force, Soft X-Ray and Digital Time-Lapse Microscopy 125 3.5.5 Fourier Transform Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Raman Spectroscopy 125 3.6 Characterization of EPS 125 3.7 Multiple Roles of Biofilms in Microbial Corrosion 126 3.8 Prevention of Biofilm Formation 129 3.8.1 Incorporation of Antimicrobial Nanomaterials 130 3.8.2 Polymer Coatings 131 3.8.3 Naturally Occurring Antibacterial Surfaces and Their Biomimetic Counterparts 131 3.8.4 Anti-adhesive Surfaces 132 3.9 Conclusions 135 References 136 4 Corrosion and Biofouling Mitigation Using Nanotechnology 141 4.1 Introduction 141 4.2 Metal Nanoparticles 142 4.2.1 Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles (ZVI) NPs 142 4.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 143 4.2.3 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 144 4.2.4 Cobalt Nanoparticles (CoNPs) 144 4.2.5 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) 145 4.3 Carbon Based Nanomaterials (NMs) 145 4.3.1 Fullerenes 145 4.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 145 4.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 146 4.4.1 Cobalt Oxide NPs 146 4.4.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IO) NPs 146 4.4.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) 146 4.4.4 Titanium Oxide NPs (TiO2 NPs) 147 4.4.5 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeO2) NPs 147 4.5 Nanoparticle Synthesis Approaches 147 4.5.1 Top-Down Approach 148 4.5.2 Bottom-Up Approach 149 4.6 Applications of Nanotechnology Science in Gas and Oil Industries 149 4.6.1 Application of Nanotechnology in Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing of Fluids 149 4.6.2 Formulation of Nano-Emulsions for Cement Spacers via Nanotechnology 151 4.6.3 Application of Nanotechnology in Operations’ Logging 152 4.6.4 Control of Formation Fines During Production via Nanotechnology 152 4.6.5 Hydrocarbon Detection Using Nanotechnology 153 4.6.6 Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications 153 4.6.7 Application of Nanotechnology in Corrosion and Biofouling Inhibition 154 4.7 Conclusions and Challenges Facing Nanotechnology in Oil and Gas Industries 167 References 167 5 Biologically Fabricated Nanomaterials for Mitigation of Biofouling in Oil and Gas Industries 174 5.1 Introduction 174 5.2 Definition of Nanobiotechnology 175 5.3 Biological Entities Employed for Generation of NPs 176 5.3.1 Use of Microorganisms for Production of Nanomaterials 176 5.3.2 Biological Synthesis of NPs Using Algae 189 5.3.3 Use of Plant Extracts for Nanoparticle Synthesis (Phytonanotechnology) 190 5.3.4 Use of Agro-Industrial Wastes for Nanoparticle Synthesis 191 5.4 Critical Parameters Affecting the Biological Synthesis of NPs 193 5.5 Employment of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles as Biocides and Corrosion Inhibitors 194 5.6 Conclusions 204 References 205 Glossary 211 Front Matter ....Pages i-xviii Basic Corrosion Fundamentals, Aspects and Currently Applied Strategies for Corrosion Mitigation (Basma A. Omran, Mohamed Omar Abdel-Salam)....Pages 1-45 The Catastrophic Battle of Biofouling in Oil and Gas Facilities: Impacts, History, Involved Microorganisms, Biocides and Polymer Coatings to Combat Biofouling (Basma A. Omran, Mohamed Omar Abdel-Salam)....Pages 47-99 Emphasis on the Devastating Impacts of Microbial Biofilms in Oil and Gas Facilities (Basma A. Omran, Mohamed Omar Abdel-Salam)....Pages 101-123 Corrosion and Biofouling Mitigation Using Nanotechnology (Basma A. Omran, Mohamed Omar Abdel-Salam)....Pages 125-157 Biologically Fabricated Nanomaterials for Mitigation of Biofouling in Oil and Gas Industries (Basma A. Omran, Mohamed Omar Abdel-Salam)....Pages 159-195 Back Matter ....Pages 197-201 This book focuses on corrosion and microbial corrosion, providing solutions for these problems by using nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. It introduces the causes, consequences, cost and control of corrosion processes. It gives a particular emphasis on microbial corrosion of steel and other metals in oil, gas and shipping industries. The book presents the materials vulnerable to such kind of corrosion, and focus on the use of nanotechnology to control such, using nanomaterials as corrosion inhibitors