A Natural History of Human Morality

Michael Tomasello offers the most detailed account to date of the evolution of human moral psychology. Based on experimental data comparing great apes and human children, he reconstructs two key evolutionary steps whereby early humans gradually became an ultra-cooperative and, eventually, a moral species capable of acting as a plural agent "we". Copyright Contents Preface 1. The Interdependence Hypothesis 2. Evolution of Cooperation Foundations of Cooperation Evolutionarily Stable Patterns of Cooperation Interdependence and Altruism Partner Control, Partner Choice, and Social Selection Summary Great Ape Cooperation Sociality and Competition Collaboration for Competition Collaboration for Food Sympathy and Helping No Sense of Fairness Kin- and Friend-Based Prosociality 3. Second-Personal Morality Collaboration and Helping Self-Domestication Obligate Collaborative Foraging Concern for Partner Welfare Joint Intentionality The Dual-Level Structure of Joint Agency Collaborative Role Ideals Self–Other Equivalence Summary Second-Personal Agency Partner Choice and Mutual Respect Partner Control and Mutual Deservingness Cooperative Identity Joint Commitment The Original Agreements Second-Personal Protest Dividing the Spoils Fairly Second-Personal Responsibility and Guilt The Original “Ought” Early Human Moral Psychology But Can There Be a Purely Second-Personal Morality? 4. “Objective” Morality Culture and Loyalty Similarity and Group Identity In-group Favoritism and Loyalty Collective Intentionality Conventionalization and Cultural Common Ground Conventionally Right and Wrong Ways to Do Things Cultural Agency Social Norms Cultural Institutions Cultural Agency and Identity Moral Self-Governance Collective Commitment and Guilt Moral Identity Distributive Justice Cultural Group Selection The Original Right and Wrong Modern Human Moral Psychology Multiple Moralities Coda: After the Garden of Eden 5. Human Morality as Cooperation-Plus Theories of the Evolution of Morality Shared Intentionality and Morality The Role of Ontogeny Conclusion Notes 2. Evolution of Cooperation 3. Second-Personal Morality 4. “Objective” Morality References Index A Natural History of Human Morality offers the most detailed account to date of the evolution of human moral psychology. Based on extensive experimental data comparing great apes and human children, Michael Tomasello reconstructs how early humans gradually became an ultra-cooperative and, eventually, a moral species. There were two key evolutionary steps, each founded on a new way that individuals could act together as a plural agent we. The first step occurred as ecological challenges forced early humans to forage together collaboratively or die. To coordinate these collaborative activities, humans evolved cognitive skills of joint intentionality, ensuring that both partners knew together the normative standards governing each role. To reduce risk, individuals could make an explicit joint commitment that we forage together and share the spoils together as equally deserving partners, based on shared senses of trust, respect, and responsibility. The second step occurred as human populations grew and the division of labor became more complex. Distinct cultural groups emerged that demanded from members loyalty, conformity, and cultural identity. In becoming members of a new cultural we, modern humans evolved cognitive skills of collective intentionality, resulting in culturally created and objectified norms of right and wrong that everyone in the group saw as legitimate morals for anyone who would be one of us. As a result of this two-stage process, contemporary humans possess both a second-personal morality for face-to-face engagement with individuals and a group-minded objective morality that obliges them to the moral community as a whole. Winner of the Eleanor Maccoby Book Award in Developmental Psychology, American Psychological AssociationWinner of a PROSE Award, Association of American PublishersShortlist, Cognitive Development Society Book AwardA Choice Outstanding Academic Title of the YearA Natural History of Human Morality offers the most detailed account to date of the evolution of human moral psychology. Based on extensive experimental data comparing great apes and human children, Michael Tomasello reconstructs how early humans gradually became an ultra-cooperative and, eventually, a moral species.“Tomasello is convincing, above all, because he has run many of the relevant studies (on chimps, bonobos and children) himself. He concludes by emphasizing the powerful influence of broad cultural groups on modern humans... Tomasello also makes an endearing guide, appearing happily amazed that morality exists at all.”—Michael Bond, New Scientist“Most evolutionary theories picture humans as amoral ‘monads'motivated by self-interest. Tomasello presents an innovative and well-researched, hypothesized natural history of two key evolutionary steps leading to full-blown morality.”—S. A. Mason, Choice Tomasello Offers The Most Detailed Account To Date Of The Evolution Of Human Moral Psychology. Based On Experimental Data Comparing Great Apes And Human Children, He Reconstructs Two Key Evolutionary Steps Whereby Early Humans Gradually Became An Ultra-cooperative And, Eventually, A Moral Species Capable Of Acting As A Plural Agent “we”. The Interdependence Hypothesis -- Evolution Of Cooperation -- Second-person Morality -- Objective Morality -- Human Morality As Cooperation-plus -- Conclusion. Michael Tomasello. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.