تاریخ طبیعی جستجوی غذا در خفاش‌ها: تکامل، فیزیولوژی، بوم‌شناسی، رفتار و حفاظت

A Natural History of Bat Foraging: Evolution, Physiology, Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation offers an all-inclusive resource on all aspects encompassing the vital process of foraging for bats. The book explores knowledge in the field, including sensory ecology, the development of cognitive maps, bat microbiomes, and molecular approaches to studying a bat's diet. It covers the importance of foraging in biology, from evolution and natural selection, to physiology, behavior, ecology, and natural history. In addition, it provides a unique focus on the implications of bat foraging for conservation purposes, including the role that molecular biology can play in preventing species depletion or extinction. With over 1,400 species, bats are among the most diverse vertebrate groups, having evolved an astonishingly broad range of foraging strategies to adapt to nearly all global regions and environments. The book assesses manmade and environmental issues that bats must overcome to ensure survival and prevent extinction. Written by international leaders in bat research, this is the ideal resource for bat specialists and conservationists, as well as zoologists, animal behaviorists, and academics associated with such disciplines. Offers multiple expert perspectives on bat foraging behavior, a key element that influences ecosystem dynamics and modern animal ecology Formatted in an easy-to-read structure throughout all chapters Addresses the conservation and protection status for bat foraging for current and future practical applications Front Cover A Natural History of Bat Foraging A Natural History of Bat Foraging: Evolution, Physiology, Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation Contents Contributors Author biographies 1 - Introduction References 2 - Foraging in the fossil record: Diet and behavior of the earliest bats Introduction Dental morphology and diet Ancient bat dentitions and hypothesized diets Fossilized stomach contents Postcranial clues Evolution of echolocation Vision and nocturnality Foraging strategies in ancient bats Ecological and faunal diversity in the Eocene References 3 - How the moth got its ears and other just-so stories in the history of bat–moth interactions How the moth got its ears How the moth got its voice How the bat got its whisper How the moth got its invisibility cloak How the moth got its tail Conclusion References 4 - Sensory systems used by echolocating bats foraging in natural settings Introduction Echolocation Sonar call structure and duty cycle Nonlaryngeal echolocation Sonar scene analysis Auditory signals and ecological niche Aerial hawking Foraging over water Gleaning for prey on substrates Passive listening to the sounds of prey Insectivores and prey counter strategies Other bat sensory systems and specializations Vision Olfaction Thermoreception Airflow sensing for flight control Conclusion References 5 - Foraging strategies of echolocating bats Introduction Commuting behavior, search behavior, and social foraging Foraging habitats Habitat types Foraging modes Constraints that shape the foraging strategies of bats Echolocation Flight morphology Foraging strategies of bats Aerial hawking foraging strategy Trawling foraging strategy The passive gleaning foraging strategy of animalivorous bats The active gleaning foraging strategy in animalivorous bats Passive/active gleaning foraging strategy of phytophagous bats Flutter detecting foraging strategy Species using more than one strategy Search and commuting behavior of foraging bats Search behavior and social foraging in bats feeding on predictable prey Search behavior and social foraging in bats feeding on ephemeral prey Commuting behavior in bats Outlook References 6 - Foraging, movements, and diet habits of arid-zone dwelling bats Introduction Nightly movements Seasonal movements Temporal activity Diet habits Conclusions References Further reading 7 - Social foraging and information transfer History of the study of social information use in bats The cons of social foraging Other types of social foraging in bats Conclusions References 8 - Insect migrations and the ecology, behavior, and population dynamics of bats Introduction Introduction to insect migration A Insect migration increases the resource base for insectivorous bats A.1 High population growth rates A.2 High energy content B Insect migrants may be disproportionately important to bats' diets C Biomass may be more important than diversity in bat diets Insect migrations and the ecosystem services of bats are intersecting areas of study Insect migrations are predictable and linked to major life history features of bats E.1 Reproduction E.2 Migration or hibernation of bats Behavior of bats changes in response to insect migrations G Response to insect migrations may influence impacts of climate change on bat populations Conclusions References 9 - Bats as prey Introduction Bat responses to predation Bat predation and nocturnality Predators of bats Birds Mammals Bats Humans and primates Reptiles Other vertebrates Invertebrates Conclusions and suggestions for further research Dedication and/or acknowledgments References 10 - Energetics of foraging bats Energy budgets and metabolism Energy balance=energy in − energy out Metabolic rate: Basal, resting, torpid, and flight Energy required to get food Flight and the power curve Optimal flight speed theory and implications for foraging strategies Variation in wing loading Energetic cost of terrestrial locomotion Cost of echolocation Energy in food Variation in diet composition Refractory content and implications for the energetics of different diets Rapidly accessing dietary energy Spatial and temporal variation in the foodscape Conclusion References 11 - Bat migration and foraging: Energy-demanding journeys on tight budgets Introduction What species of bats migrate? Resource fluctuations as a driver of migration The energetics of migratory flights Stopover behavior and torpor-assisted migration Food for migration Flight corridors Open research questions References Further reading 12 - Microbiomes of bats Gastrointestinal structure Interactions between the gut microbiota and immune development Host diet influences taxonomic composition of the microbiome Interactions between microbiome functions and diet Beyond bacteria: the “other” bat microbiome Conclusions References 13 - The diets of bats: Think outside the guild Collapse of the traditional guild Are insectivores a guild? Case study 1: Antrozous pallidus, the scorpion eating bat that pollinates cacti Are nectarivores a guild? Case study 2: Glossophaga - the nectar bat that sneaks an insect snack Are frugivores a guild? Caste study 3: Widely distributed pteropodids Are carnivores a guild? Case study 4: Trachops the “frog eating” bat Assemblage-wide assessment of diet in bats A world with more omnivores? References 14 - Bioaccumulation and foraging behavior Introduction Dietary exposure to contaminants Dietary exposure to parasites Interactions between foraging, contaminants, and parasitism Direct health effects Indirect health effects Future research directions Acknowledgments Glossary References 15 - Foraging-dependent ecosystem services Introduction Arthropod suppression Pollination and seed dispersal Ecosystem disservices Conservation recommendations References 16 - Conserving bats and their foraging habitats Introduction Threats to bat foraging Conservation evidence The benefits to human well-being of protecting where bats eat Conservation initiatives targeting bat foraging Restoring and conserving healthy habitat for nectarivorous bats, agaves, and people Bat Conservation International's Agave Restoration Initiative Gardening for bats Conclusion References 17 - Bat foraging: The next steps Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z Back Cover