A Metamodel for Heritage-based Urban Development: Enabling Sustainable Growth Through Urban Cultural Heritage (Heritage Studies)

This book proposes a Metamodel for heritage-based urban development, based on urban morphology, governance theory, and the metamodeling concept of John P. Van Gigch. Building on international policies such as the 2011 Recommendation for Historic Urban Landscapes and the results of the 2016 Urban Habitat III Conference, cultural heritage is now regarded as a potential resource for sustainable urban development. While more and more evidence of the potential benefits of cultural heritage for sustainable development has been published, this book is the first to develop and design a Metamodel that can be universally applied in a wide variety of settings. The Metamodel was developed using grounded theory and design research methodology and is based on three successful case-models from European contexts. The book includes three application scenarios that elaborate how the metamodel can be used to design, evaluate, and improve processes where cultural heritage is a starting point for sustainable urban development. Summary 6 Preface 8 Reading Guide 9 Definitions of Terms 9 Formatting of Metamodel Elements 13 References 15 Acknowledgements 16 About the Book 17 Contents 18 Abbreviations 22 List of Figures 23 List of Tables 27 Chapter 1: Introduction 29 Part I: Contextual Background: Problem, Theories, Methods, and Research Design 31 Chapter 2: Problem, Hypothesis, and Research Questions 32 2.1 The Problem 32 2.2 Main Hypothesis and Deduction of Key Research Questions 36 2.2.1 Research Questions and Research Interest 38 References 39 Chapter 3: Theoretical Background 42 3.1 Concepts of Cultural Heritage 42 3.2 Urban Heritage as Part of the Historic Urban Fabric 46 3.3 Urban Development Approaches and Trends 47 3.4 Integrating Urban Heritage in Urban Development 48 References 50 Chapter 4: Disciplinary Approach 54 4.1 Understanding the City as a System: Urban Morphology and Theory of Governance 54 4.2 Metamodeling Theory of John P. Van Gigch 56 4.3 Theory of Urban Morphology 62 4.4 Governance Theory 65 4.5 Organisational Development and Change Management 69 References 71 Chapter 5: Proposed Solution and Mixed-Methods Research Design 73 5.1 The Proposed Solution: Development of a Metamodel to Design and Structure Local Heritage-Based Development (HBD) Processes 73 5.2 Mixed-Methods Research Design 75 5.3 Methodology to Develop the Metamodel 77 5.4 Resources Used to Develop the Metamodel and Their Sampling 79 5.5 The Case-Models (HerO, COMUS, and Halland) 79 5.5.1 The HerO Model 80 5.6 Research Phases 92 5.7 Research Constraints 94 References 95 Chapter 6: Epistemology and Integrating Metamodeling Theory into the Research Design 98 6.1 Epistemology 98 6.2 The Common Ground: A Systemic View of the World 99 6.3 Metamodel Characteristics 101 6.4 Metamodel Elements 102 6.5 Development of Terminology and Levels and Categories 102 6.5.1 Terminology 103 6.5.2 Levels and Categories and Their Integration into Metamodel Categories 106 6.6 Integration of Van Gigch’s Metamodel Theory, Grounded Theory, and Design Research Methodology in the Metamodel Design 108 6.7 Metamodel Language Use 112 References 116 Part II: Application of Research Methods 118 Chapter 7: Research Methods 119 7.1 Grounded Theory 120 7.1.1 Raw Data 122 7.1.2 Example of Abstraction Process Through Grounded Theory 123 7.1.3 Open Coding 126 7.1.4 Axial Coding 127 7.1.5 Selective Coding 128 7.1.6 Tools 128 7.1.7 Results of Grounded Theory Process: The Elements of the Metamodel 129 7.2 Design Research Methodology 130 7.2.1 Implementation of Design Research Methodology 132 7.2.2 Multimethod Research Design and Design Research Methodology 133 7.2.3 Areas of Application, Benefits, Risks of Design Research Methodology 135 7.2.4 Metamodel Requirements 137 References 138 Part III: Description, Application, and Demonstration of the Metamodel 140 Chapter 8: Description of the Metamodel 141 8.1 Elements of the Metamodel – Overview 141 8.2 Introducing the Five Phases and the Spiral Form of the Metamodel 147 8.3 Phase I: SCOPING 154 8.3.1 Description, Inputs, and Outputs of the SCOPING PHASE 157 8.4 Phase II: ANALYSIS 163 8.4.1 Description, Inputs, and Outputs of the ANALYSIS PHASE 163 8.5 Phase III: DEVELOPMENT 167 8.5.1 Description, Inputs, and Outputs of the DEVELOPMENT PHASE 168 8.6 Phase IV: IMPLEMENTATION 172 8.6.1 Description, Inputs, and Outputs of the IMPLEMENTATION PHASE 173 8.7 Phase V: EVALUATION 174 8.7.1 Description, Inputs, and Outputs of the EVALUATION PHASE 175 8.8 Overview of All Phases 177 References 180 Chapter 9: Application of the Metamodel 185 9.1 Designing Heritage-Based Development Processes 185 9.2 Evaluating Heritage-Based Development Processes 188 9.3 Improving Heritage-Based Development Processes 191 9.4 Other Scenarios 193 References 194 Chapter 10: Demonstration 195 10.1 Demonstration Objective and Case Introduction 195 10.2 Purpose and Sampling of Demonstration Case 196 10.3 Preconditions and Description of the Case 198 10.4 Demonstration Using the World Heritage City Old Town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof 203 10.5 Simulating The Five Phases of the Metamodel 213 10.6 Overview of Regensburg’s INPUT–OUTPUT for the Five Phases 214 10.7 Evaluation in Relation to Metamodel Requirements 218 References 221 Chapter 11: Condensed Resume 223 11.1 Introduction 223 11.2 Main Findings 224 11.3 Responding to the Research Questions and the Problem at Stake 226 11.4 Critical Reflection 228 11.5 Consequences of the Research Results 229 11.6 Outlook 230 References 231