A History of Western Philosophy: Hobbes to Hume, Volume III (v. 3)

a History Of Western Philosophy Examines The Nature Of Philosophical Enterprise And Philosophy's Role In Western Culture. Jones And Fogelin Weave Key Passages From Classic Philosophy Works Into Their Comments And Criticisms, Giving A History Of Western Philosophy The Combined Advantages Of A Source Book And Textbook. The Text Concentrates On Major Figures In Each Historical Period, Combining Exposition With Direct Quotations From The Philosophers Themselves. The Text Places Philosophers In Appropriate Cultural Context And Shows How Their Theories Reflect The Concerns Of Their Times. Copyright Page Preface Contents Introduction CHAPTER 1: Renaissance The Place of Value in a World of Fact Exploration and Discovery COLUMBUS ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EFFECTS Rise of the Money Power THE CHANGE TO MODERN ECONOMY INCREASE IN VOLUME OF MONEY DECLINE OF THE GUILD The New Political ideal NATIONALISM DANTE AND THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE TEMPORAL POWER MARSIGLIO AND THE SUPREMACY OF THE TEMPORAL POWER BODIN AND THE CONCEPT OF SOVEREIGNTY NATURALISM Machiavelli CONCEPTION OF HUMAN NATURE CONCEPTION OF SOVEREIGNTY CONTRAST WITH BODIN Humanism and the Revival of Learning PETRARCH DEVELOPMENT OF TEXTUAL CRITICISM A NEW CONCEPTION OF VALUE THE HUMANISTIC IDEAL CASTIGLIONE'S BOOK OF THE COURTIER CHAPTER 2: Reformation Ecclesiastical Corruption PAPAL FISCAL POLICY INDULGENCES THE WORLDLINESS OF THE POPES Attempts at Reform THE CONCILIAR MOVEMENT THE CHRISTIAN HUMANISTS THE GERMAN MYSTICS MOUNTING PRESSURES FOR REFORM Luther JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH LUTHER'S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE BIBLE THE INDULGENCE QUESTION THE CREATION OF A NEW THEOLOGY POLITICAL THEORY ATTITUDE TOWARD REASON Renaissance and Reformation CHAPTER 3: Science and Scientific Method The Empirical Spirit Leonardo William Gilbert Francis Bacon LIFE THE BACONIAN IDEAL THE "GREAT INSTAURATION" BACON'S CRITICISM OF MEDIEVAL SCIENCE COMMENT ON BACON'S ACCOUNT OF THE IDOLS BACON'S INDUCTIVE METHOD COMMENT ON BACON'S INDUCTIVE METHOD The Mathematical Spirit Copernicus ANCIENT ASTRONOMY COPERNICUS' CONCEPTION OF THE HELIOCENTRIC HYPOTHESIS Kepler THE THREE LAWS SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THREE LAWS Galileo THE SATELLITES OF JUPITER KEPLER'S REACTION TO GALILEO'S DISCOVERY THE CHURCH'S REACTION TO GALILEO'S DISCOVERY DIALOGUES CONCERNING TWO NEW SCIENCES THE GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION EXPOSITION OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION THE PROBLEM OF EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION The New Science and the New Philosophy THE EFFECT OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD ON THE NEW PHILOSOPHY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT OF REALITY CHAPTER 4: Hobbes Life Philosophy: Its Method and Scope Body HOBBES'S CONCEPTION OF REALITY "FIRST PHILOSOPHY" CAUSALITY IDENTITY MOTION THE SPECIAL SCIENCES Man COGITATING MOTIONS SENSATION ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS THOUGHT DISTINGUISHED FROM SENSATION SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE VOLUNTARY MOTIONS RELATION BETWEEN PHYSICS AND PSYCHOLOGY RELIGION The State THE LAWS OF NATURE NECESSITY FOR A SOVEREIGN CONTRAST BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE AND NORMATIVE THEORIES Hobbes's Place in the History of Philosophy CHAPTER 5: Descartes Life The Method COMMENT ON DESCARTES' METHOD DESCARTES' MATHEMATICAL MODEL The Self DOUBT "COGITO ERGO SUM" God PROOFS OF GOD'S EXISTENCE CRITICISM OF THIS PROOF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DESCARTES' AND PLATO'S VIEWS OF KNOWLEDGE The Physical World Descartes' Conception of Substance The Cartesian Compromise Nature of Material Things Nature of Mind VOLITION UNDERSTANDING DOCTRINE OF INNATE IDEAS PERCEPTION Interaction Significance of Descartes Parallelism CHAPTER 6: Spinoza Life Spinoza's Assumptions The Geometric Method God PROOFS OF GOD'S EXISTENCE COMMENT ON THESE PROOFS GOD THE WHOLE The World Ideas and Their Objects Physics Psychology Ethics Estimate of Spinoza's Position CHAPTER 7: Leibniz Life Physics FORCE THE CONTINUUM Monads AN INNER PRINCIPLE OF CHANGE HIERARCHY OF MONADS REPRESENTATION PREESTABLISHED HARMONY The Existence of God Teleology and Mechanism MATTER AND EXTERNALITY SCIENCE GOD'S CHOICE OF THE BEST TWO PRINCIPLES OF EXPLANATION Limitations of Leibniz's View CHAPTER 8: Locke Life and Times Basic Assumptions Attack on Innate Ideas The "Historical Plain Method": All Ideas Derive from Experience NATURE OF EXPERIENCE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN SIMPLE AND COMPLEX IDEAS THE IDEA OF SUBSTANCE COMMENT ON ACCOUNT OF ORIGIN OF IDEAS Theory of Knowledge DEGREES OF COGNITIVE ADEQUACY THE OBJECTS OF KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE OF REAL EXISTENCE KNOWLEDGE OF RELATIONS NAMES Ethical Theory THE GOOD THE BAD WILL LAW ETHICS A DEMONSTRABLE SCIENCE AMBIGUITIES IN SOURCE OF MORAL LAW Political Theory THE STATE OF NATURE POLITICAL EQUALITY CONSENT PROPERTY UTILITY OF POLITICAL SOCIETIES THE POLITICS OF LOCKE AND HOBBES CONTRASTED RELIGION AND THE STATE THE LAISSEZ-FAIRE STATE Locke and Ourselves CHAPTER 9: Berkeley Life Arguments Against Material Substance PRIMARY AND SECONDARY QUALITIES RELATIVITY-TO-OBSERVER PLEASURE-PAIN Critique of Abstract Ideas DIFFERENCE FROM LOCKE MATTER AN ABSTRACT IDEA "ESSE EST PERCIPI" PUZZLE CONCERNING THE NATURE OF IDEAS The Physical World God Spiritual Substance Summary CHAPTER 10: Hume Life Theory of Knowledge REFORMULATION OF LOCKE'S POSITION ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS THE EMPIRICAL CRITERION OF MEANING SUBSTANCE THE SELF IDENTITY The External World BASIS FOR BELIEF IN EXTERNAL WORLD TENSION BETWEEN REASON AND NATURE Causality and Inductive Inference NO NECESSARY CONNECTION SCIENCE LIMITED TO EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATION Mathematics God ONTOLOGICAL AND CAUSAL PROOFS THE "ARGUMENT FROM DESIGN" THE ARGUMENT OF THE ENQUIRY ARGUMENT OF THE DIALOGUES HUME'S CONCLUSION LIMITATIONS OF HUME'S VIEW Moral Theory ATTACK ON RATIONALISTIC ETHICS EMPIRICAL AND NORMATIVE ETHICS CONTRASTED NATURE OF MORAL GOODNESS DIFFERENTIAE OF MORAL GOODNESS IN WHAT SENSE MORAL JUDGMENTS ARE SUBJECTIVE Philosophical Scepticism DIFFICULTIES IN HUME'S POSITION ALTERNATIVES TO HUME'S DILEMMA HUME'S "MITIGATED" SCEPTICISM Notes Suggestions for Further Reading Glossary Index