A History of the University in Europe: Volume 4, Universities since 1945 (A History of the University in Europe, Series Number 4)

This Is The Final Volume In A Four-part Series Covering The Development Of The University In Europe (east And West) From Its Origins To The Present Day, Focusing On A Number Of Major Themes Viewed From A European Perspective. The Originality Of The Series Lies In Its Comparative, Interdisciplinary, Collaborative And Transnational Nature. It Deals Also With The Content Of What Was Taught At The Universities, But Its Main Purpose Is An Appreciation Of The Role And Structures Of The Universities As Seen Against A Backdrop Of Changing Conditions, Ideas And Values. This Volume Deals With The Reconstruction And Epoch-making Expansion Of Higher Education After 1945, Which Led To The Triumph Of Modern Science. It Traces The Development Of The Relationship Between Universities And National States, Teachers And Students, Their Ambitions And Political Activities. Special Attention Is Paid To Fundamental Changes In The Content Of Teaching At The Universities--provided By Publisher. Volume Iv -- Universities Since 1945. Editor, Walter Rüegg. Machine Generated Contents Note: Foreword Walter Rüegg; Part I. Themes And Patterns: 1. Themes Walter Rüegg; 2. Patterns Guy Neave; Part Ii. Structures: 3. Relations With Authority Walter Rüegg And Jan Sadlack; 4. Management And Resources Geoffrey Lockwood; 5. Teachers Thomas Finkenstaedt; Part Iii. Students: 6. Admission A. H. Halsey; 7. Curriculum, Students, Education Sheldon Rothblatt; 8. Student Movements And Political Activism Louis Vos; 9. Graduation And Careers Ulrich Teichler; Part Iv. Learning: 10. Social Sciences, History And Law Notker Hammerstein And Dirk Heirbaut; 11. The Mathematical, Exact Sciences John Ziman; 12. The Biological Sciences Herbert Macgregor; 13. Earth Sciences Gordon Craig And S. K. Monro; 14. Medicine John Ellis; 15. Technology Christopher Watson; Epilogue: Prospects For The Universities: A Personal View Andris Barblan; Appendix: Universities Founded In Europe Between 1945 And 1995 Walter Rüegg. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 4 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 CONTENTS......Page 7 CONTRIBUTORS AND EDITORS......Page 13 READER’S GUIDE......Page 18 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES......Page 19 FOREWORD......Page 20 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 25 PART I THEMES AND PATTERNS......Page 27 Introduction......Page 29 Reformatio in melius......Page 30 Humanism and university reform through dialogue......Page 34 The liberal reform of the universities by schleiermacher and humboldt......Page 37 Expansion and ‘democratic’ university reforms, 1956–1981......Page 39 The introduction of entrepreneurial reforms and the destruction of the ivory tower......Page 41 The universities and globalization......Page 48 The ‘americanization’ of european universities......Page 52 Postscript......Page 55 Introduction......Page 57 Post-war reconstruction......Page 58 The expansion of the soviet university model......Page 61 The drive to mass higher education......Page 67 National university stock accumulation......Page 72 Foundation and creation......Page 74 Regionalization......Page 78 The place of the ‘non-state’ sector......Page 80 The non-university sector......Page 82 Caveats on the sources for the period 1990–2005......Page 85 New perspectives......Page 86 The astounding vitality of the non-university sector......Page 87 The closing of the circle......Page 89 The symmetry of patterns......Page 90 General works......Page 91 France......Page 93 Norway......Page 94 United Kingdom......Page 95 PART II STRUCTURES......Page 97 Introduction......Page 99 Recovery in a divided europe, 1945–1955......Page 100 The university policy of the allied military forces in Germany......Page 102 The Sovietization of Central and Eastern Europe......Page 110 Western Europe......Page 115 Central and Eastern Europe......Page 120 Western Europe......Page 121 National rectors conferences......Page 126 Central and Eastern Europe......Page 127 Central and Eastern Europe......Page 128 Western Europe......Page 130 Autonomy as scarcity management in Western Europe......Page 139 From decline to renewal – the development of higher education in Central and Eastern Europe......Page 142 Concluding remarks: the universities’ europe......Page 144 Select bibliography......Page 148 Introduction......Page 150 The university as an organization......Page 151 Images of change......Page 154 Academic structure......Page 156 Forces of change......Page 158 Effective autonomy......Page 163 The management quadrilateral......Page 166 Management and governance......Page 170 Resources......Page 176 Management techniques......Page 181 The arrival of management......Page 185 Select bibliography......Page 186 Introduction......Page 188 Expansion......Page 189 Age structure......Page 191 Specialization......Page 193 Conclusion......Page 195 Teaching staff......Page 196 Other staff......Page 206 Women......Page 208 Salaries......Page 210 Mobility......Page 213 Conclusion......Page 214 Teaching......Page 215 Teaching methods......Page 216 Teaching conditions......Page 217 Teaching load......Page 218 Research......Page 219 Evaluation and staff development......Page 221 Other duties......Page 222 Politicization......Page 223 Associations......Page 225 Conclusion......Page 227 Select bibliography......Page 229 PART III STUDENTS......Page 231 Introduction......Page 233 Persistent inequality......Page 237 Models of higher education......Page 239 Matriculation......Page 243 Social selection before 1970......Page 249 Social selection after 1970......Page 252 Shifts in the social distribution of opportunity......Page 258 Select bibliography......Page 262 The whirligig of change......Page 264 Responsibility for curriculum and teaching......Page 269 Diplomas and degrees......Page 279 Undergraduates and postgraduates......Page 282 Research and curricula......Page 288 The student role in the curriculum......Page 292 Student mobility......Page 296 Conclusion......Page 298 Select bibliography......Page 300 Introduction......Page 302 International student organizations......Page 304 Diverging missions (1945–1956)......Page 309 A ‘new student movement’ (1958–1969)......Page 314 The leninist turn and decline (1969–1974)......Page 323 The nature of the ‘new student movement’......Page 325 Fighting for freedom (1956–1989)......Page 329 Beyond the student movement (1974–2000)......Page 338 Select bibliography......Page 342 Introduction......Page 345 Overall development of enrolment, graduation and attainment......Page 347 Variations in europe......Page 350 Distribution by field of study......Page 351 Changing debates about the quantitative and structural relationships between university education and employment......Page 353 Expansion expected to serve economic growth and social equality......Page 354 Structural moderation......Page 355 Pessimism and concern about ‘over-qualification’......Page 356 Signs of adjustment and diverse options......Page 358 Degrees and graduation......Page 361 Graduate employment and work......Page 367 Women’s employment and work......Page 379 Expectations, recruitment and work......Page 380 Major debates and activities......Page 382 Structural responses......Page 383 Curricular responses......Page 385 Four decades of trends and policies......Page 388 Postscript: trends and policies since the 1990s......Page 390 Select bibliography......Page 394 PART IV LEARNING......Page 395 Introduction......Page 397 The United States of America......Page 401 Europe......Page 405 Political science......Page 412 Economics......Page 424 Anthropology/ethnology......Page 431 Geography......Page 434 History......Page 435 Law......Page 440 Select bibliography......Page 449 A traditional scene in a larger frame......Page 450 Post-war reconstruction 1945–1960......Page 451 Steady state 1975–1995......Page 452 Policing the internal frontiers of knowledge......Page 453 Trans-disciplinary disciplines......Page 457 Collectivism......Page 461 Internationalization......Page 463 Iinking the academy with industry......Page 467 Teaching and/or research......Page 470 Looking backward and forward......Page 472 Select bibliography......Page 475 From bones to biotechnology......Page 477 Progress, development and discovery in biology 1945–2004......Page 478 The unravelling of dna......Page 479 The rise of ecology......Page 482 The role of the university......Page 485 The biology undergraduate......Page 490 The internet......Page 494 Universities, graduates and employment......Page 495 Select bibliography......Page 497 Introduction......Page 499 Planetary geology......Page 500 Plate tectonics......Page 502 Palaeoclimates and global warming......Page 504 Impact on earth science education......Page 506 Conclusions......Page 509 Select bibliography......Page 510 The changing context of university medicine 1945–1995......Page 511 The adaptation of medical education to a changing context......Page 517 The reform of medical education......Page 521 The cost of medical education......Page 533 The outcome of reform......Page 537 Teachers and students......Page 542 Education and training......Page 546 Research......Page 549 Select bibliography......Page 553 The post-war context......Page 554 Technology-related developments in the universities......Page 555 Overall growth......Page 556 Technical infrastructure......Page 559 Student pressures......Page 561 The information explosion......Page 563 Big Science......Page 564 National and regional government......Page 567 Quasi-university institutions......Page 569 Successes and failures of the universities in meeting the competition......Page 570 The education and careers of technology graduates......Page 571 Select bibliography......Page 574 The origins of the project......Page 576 The lessons of history......Page 578 European images of the university......Page 579 The premises of europeanization in higher education......Page 581 Lowering the iron curtain: 1989 and beyond......Page 583 The main issues of the 1990s: quality and mobility......Page 587 The return of european integration policies......Page 593 A european model of higher education......Page 598 Select bibliography......Page 600 APPENDIX UNIVERSITIES FOUNDED IN EUROPE BETWEEN 1945 AND 1995......Page 601 NAME INDEX......Page 621 SUBJECT INDEX......Page 629 A History of the University in Europe covers the development of the university in Europe (East and West) from its origins to the present day. No other up-to-date, comprehensive history of this type exists: its originality lies in focusing on a number of major themes viewed from a European perspective, and in its interdisciplinary, collaborative and transnational character. Volume 1, covering the Middle Ages, places the medieval European universities in their social and political context. After explaining the number and types of universities from their origins in the twelfth century to around 1500, it examines the inner workings as an institution and paints a general picture of medieval student life. Volume 2 attempts to situate the universities in their social and political context throughout the three centuries spanning the period 1500 to 1800. Volume 3 shows that by focusing on the freedom of scientific research, teaching and study, the medieval university structure was modernized and enabled discoveries to become a professional, bureaucratically-regulated activity of the university. This opened the way for the victorious march of the natural sciences, and led to student movements--resulting in the university being ultimately cast in the role of a citadel of political struggle in a world-wide fight for freedom. - Publisher