A History of the Romance Vowel Systems through Paradigmatic Reconstruction (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica)

It will be understood that the stress falls on the final syllable of isolated words of more than one syllable; e.g., /sa vSj = [sa 'v5] "soap". (3). The mid-close ~ mid-open distinctions for standard French /e/ and ¡of will not be indicated here in phonemic transcription except where absolutely necessary, as in certain minimal pairs like fzi re/ "I shall go" ~ /zi r?/ "I would go", /zon/ "fast" (noun) ~ /ZQD/ "young". The contrast /a/ ~ ¡A/, as in French /pat/ "paw" ~ /pat/ "dough, paste", will likewise be considered exceptional, and /a/ alone will be used to denote the vowel of maximum aperture in standard French. (4). The palatal and back labial (or labio-velar) glides are consistently transcribed here as /y/ and /w/ respectively, as in Spanish /byen/ "well", /'bwe no/ "good" m. sg. The front labial (or labio-palatal) glide is transcribed as /w/, as in French /kwis/ "thigh". (5). The symbols /./ and IJ are used to denote a difference of a single degree of aperture between vowels which are otherwise similar in articulation; e.g., midclose /e/ in Central Italian /'pe lo/ "hair" vs. mid-open /?/ in Central Italian /'gr? ve/ "heavy, grievous". ( 6). The symbol denotes a vowel in open syllable, as in the case of Spanish and Central Italian /a | / in /'ka TO/ "dear" m. sg. The symbol | denotes a vowel in closed syllable, as in the case of Spanish and Central Italian /a [/ in /'kar ne/ "meat". (7). Subscript numerals are used in transcribing vocoids which enter into multiple sets of correspondences with vocoids or other phonic units in the sound system of another language; e.g., Logudorese /ii/ corresponds to Central Italian /if, as in Log. /'fi lu/:C. Ital. /'fi lo/ "thread"; while Logudorese /i 2 / corresponds to Central Italian /e/, as in Log. /'pi ra/:C. Ital. /'pe ra/ "pear". (8). The symbol /'/ is used to indicate palatalization, as in Central Italian /'fi Yof APPARATUS "son", with an intervocalic palatal lateral, or Daco-Rumanian /lup'/ "wolves", with a final palatalized /p/. (9). In addition to indicating vowel length, the colon is also used here to mark long consonants (this term will be used instead of "geminates"). The consonant symbol denotes the onset of the long consonant, while the colon denotes the release; e.g., Central Italian /'fat :o/ "fact, deed", /fat 1 :u ra/ "spell, charm". The more traditional use of double letters for this purpose (e.g., /'fat to/, /fat 'tu ra/) will be avoided in this work. (10). The colon is also used here in the representation of sound correspondences; e.g., /wo/ : /o/ in Central Italian /'kwo re/ : French /kor/ "heart". ( 11). The symbol /