تاریخ سوریه در یکصد سایت

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Introduction: The Significance of Syria in Human History Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki Preface Chapter 1 Prehistory 1. El Kowm Oasis (Homs) Reto Jagher, Dorota Wojtczak and Jean-Marie Le Tensorer 2. Dederiyeh Cave (Aleppo) Takeru Akazawa Yoshihiro Nishiaki 3. Wadi Mushkuna Rockshelter (Damascus) Nicholas J. Conard 4. Baaz Rockshelter (Damascus) Nicholas J. Conard 5. Kaus Kozah Cave (Damascus) Nicholas J. Conard 6. Abu Hureyra (Raqqa) Andrew M. T. Moore 7. Qarassa (Sweida) Frank Braemer Juan J. Ibanez and Xavier Terradas 8. Mureybet (Raqqa) Marie-Claire Cauvin and Danielle Stordeur 9. Tell Qaramel (Aleppo) Youssef Kanjou 10. Jerf el-Ahmar (Aleppo) Danielle Stordeur and George Willcox 11. Dja’de el-Mughara (Aleppo) Eric Coqueugniot 12. Tell Halula (Aleppo) Miquel Molist 13. Tell Aswad (Damascus) Danielle Stordeur Rima Khawam 14. Tell el-Kerkh (Idlib) Akira Tsuneki 15. Tell Sabi Abyad (Raqqa) Peter M. M. G. Akkermans 16. Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Hassake) Yoshihiro Nishiaki 17. Shir (Hama) Karin Bartl 18. Tell Kosak Shamali (Aleppo) Yoshihiro Nishiaki 19. Tell el-‘Abr (Aleppo) Yayoi Yamazaki Hamido Hammade 20. Chagar Bazar (Hassake) Walter Cruells and Anna Gómez Bach 21. Tell Zeidan (Raqqa) Anas Al Khabour 22. Tell Feres (Hassake) Régis Vallet Johnny Samuele Baldi 23. Tell Ziyadeh (Hassake) Frank Hole Chapter 2 Ancient Syria (Bronze and Iron Ages) 24. Tell Beydar / Nabada / Nabatium (Hassake) Marc Lebeau Antoine Suleiman 25. Tell Banat (Aleppo) Thomas L. McClellan and Anne Porter 26. Tell Mozan/Urkesh (Hassake) Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati 27. Tell Leilan (Hassake) Harvey Weiss 28. Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu/Magdalu (Deir ez-Zor) Hartmut Kühne 29. Umm el-Marra (Aleppo) Glenn M. Schwartz 30. Tell Jerablus Tahtani (Aleppo) Edgar Peltenburg 31. Tell Al-Rawda (Hama) Corinne Castel Nazir Awad 32. Tell Munbāqa (Raqqa) Dittmar Machule 33. Tell el-Abd (Raqqa) Uwe Finkbeiner 34. Tell Ali al-Hajj, Rumeilah (Aleppo) Kazuya Shimogama 35. Mishrifeh / Qatna (Homs) Daniele Morandi Bonacossi 36. Mishirfeh/Qatna, Syrian Excavations (Homs) Michel Al-Maqdissi Massoud Badawi 37. Tell Mastuma (Idlib) Hidetoshi Tsumoto 38. Tell Sakka (Damascus) Ahmad Taraqji 39. Tell Iris (Lattakia) Antoine Suleiman Michel Al-Maqdissi 40. Tell Toueini (Lattakia) Michel Al-Maqdissi Massoud Badawi Eva Ishaq 41. Tell Sianu (Lattakia) Michel Al-Maqdissi 42. Tell Taban (Hassake) Hirotoshi Numoto 43. Tell Hammam el-Turkman (Raqqa) Diederik J.W. Meijer 44. Tell Selenkahiye (Aleppo) Diederik J.W. Meijer 45. Tell Mohammed Diyab (Hassake) Christophe Nicolle 46. Tell Tuqan (Idlib) Francesca Baffi 47. Khirbet Al-Umbashi, Khirbet Dabab and Hebariye (Sweida) Frank Braemer Ahmad Taraqji 48. Tell Masaikh and the Region around Terqa (Deir ez-Zor) Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault 49. Tell Ashara/Terqa (Deir ez-Zor) Olivier Rouault 50. Tell Bazi (Aleppo) Adelheid Otto and Berthold Einwag 51. Tell Afis (Idlib) Stefania Mazzoni 52. Tell Fekheriye (Hassake) Dominik Bonatz 53. Mari (Deir ez-Zor) Pascal Butterlin 54. Tell Nebi Mend (Homs) Peter Parr 55. Qala’at Halwanji (Aleppo) Jesper Eidem 56. Tell Ahmar/Til Barsib (Aleppo) Guy Bunnens 57. Chagar Bazar/Ashnakkum (Hassake) Önhan Tunca 58. Tell Humeida (Deir ez-Zor) Juan-Luis Montero Fenollós Yaroob al-Abdallah 59. Tell Qabr Abu al-‘Atiq (Deir ez-Zor) Juan-Luis Montero Fenollós Shaker Al-Shbib 60. Tulul el-Far, Tell Taouil and Tell el-Kharaze (Damascus) Sophie Cluzan Ahmad Taraqji 61. Tell Massin and Tell al-Nasriyah (Hama) Dominique Parayre Martin Sauvage 62. Tell Arbid (Hassake) Piotr Bieliński 63. Tell Halaf (Hassake) Lutz Martin 64. Halawa (Raqqa) Jan-Waalke Meyer Winfried Orthmann 65. Tell Shiyukh Tahtani (Aleppo) Gioacchino Falsone Paola Sconzo 66. Ras Shamra/Ugarit (Lattakia) Valérie Matoïan Khozama al-Bahloul 67. Tell Chuera (Raqqa) Jan-Waalke Meyer 68. Amrith/Marathos (Tartous) Michel Al-Maqdissi Eva Ishaq 69. Arslan Tash (Aleppo) Anas Al Khabour 70. Tell Meskene/Emar (Aleppo) Ferhan Sakal 71. Tell Barri/Kahat (al Hassake) Raffaella Pierobon Benoit 72. Tell Kazel/Sumur (Tartous) Leila Badre 73. Tell Qumluq (Aleppo) Youssef Kanjou Andrew Jamieson 74. The Cemetery of Abu Hamad (Raqqa) Jan-Waalke Meyer 75. The cemeteries of Wreide, Tawi and Shameseddin (Raqqa) Jan-Waalke Meyer Winfried Orthmann 76. Tell Ajaja (Hassake) Asa’d Mahmoud Hartmut Kühne 77. Tell Bderi (Hassake) Hartmut Kühne Chapter 3 Syria in the Classic World (Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine) 78. Jebel Khalid, (Aleppo) Graeme Clarke Heather Jackson 79. Palmyra, 30 Years of Syro-German/Austrian Archaeological Research (Homs) Andreas Schmidt-Colinet Khaled al-As‘ad and Waleed al-As‘ad 80. Palmyra, Japanese Archaeological Research (Homs) Kiyohide Saito 81. Palmyrena. The Northern Hinterland of Palmyra (Homs) Jørgen Christian Meyer, Nils Anfinset and Torbjørn Preus Schou 82. Palmyra/Tadmor (Homs) Michal Gawlikowski 83. Cyrrhus/Nebi Houri (Aleppo) Jeanine Abdul Massih Shaker Al-Shbib 84. Tell As-Sin (Deir ez-Zor) Shaker Al-Shbib Juan-Luis Montero Fenollós 85. Gindaros (Aleppo) Ammar Abdulrahman 86. El-Iss/Qinnasrin (Aleppo) Marie-Odile Rousset Youssef Kanjou 87. Resafa/Sergiopolis (Raqqa) Anas Al Khabour 88. Resafa/Sergiupolis /Rusafat Hisham (Raqqa) Dorothée Sack and Martin Gussone 89. Zenobia – Halabiya (Deir ez-Zor) Sylvie Blétry 90. Sergilla, Ruweiha and El Bâra (Idlib) Maamoun Abdulkarim Gérard Charpentier 91. Musaytbeh-Jableh (Lattakia) Massoud Badawi 92. Deir Qinnsrin-Jarabulus (Aleppo) Mohamad Fakhro 93. Tell el-Kasra (Deir ez-Zor) Yaroob al-Abdallah 94. Syriac Inscriptions of Syria Françoise Briquel Chatonnet 95. Sura (Raqqa) Ali Othman 96. Tell Shayzar (Hama) Matthias Grawehr Abdulsalam Albachkami Chapter 4 Islamic Archaeology in Syria 97. The Citadel of Tell Shayzar (Hama) Cristina Tonghini 98. Qalaat Al Mudiq/Apamean Citadel (Hama) Shaker Al-Shbib Mathilde Gelin 99. Tell Tuneinir (Hassake) Michael Fuller and Neathery Fuller 100. Aleppo Castle (Aleppo) Assad Yusof Youssef Kanjou 101. Madinat el-Far/Hisn Maslama (Raqqa) Claus-Peter Haase 102. Kharab Sayyar (Raqqa) Jan-Waalke Meyer 103. Tell Damir (Raqqa) Anas Al Khabour Synthesis: Syrian Archaeology in the Past, Present and Future List of Figures 91. Musaytbeh-Jableh (Lattakia) Fig. 1 The site of Musaytbeh, Jableh. Fig. 2 Archaeological features in trench A. Fig. 3 A lead weight. Fig. 4 A bone needle. Fig. 5 A small glass flacon, Abbasid period. 92. Deir Qinnsrin-Jarabulus (Aleppo) Fig. 1 A general view of the site. Fig. 2 The remains of the Islamic structures. Fig. 3 The discovered parts of the monastery (from the southwest corner: the rectangular hall). Fig. 4 Attached sections. Fig. 5 Floor mosaic from the rectangular hall. Fig. 6 Rectangular hall and the attached sections Fig. 7 Reconstruction of the rectangular hall and the attached sections Fig. 8 Monastery of Qansreen in 2014. 93. Tell el-Kasra (Deir ez-Zor) Fig. 1 Tell el-Kisr excavations. Fig. 2 Mosaic floor Fig. 3 Mosaic detail. Fig. 4 Mosaic detail. 94. Syriac Inscriptions of Syria Fig. 1 Tell Matin Fig. 2 Nabgha Fig. 3 Basufan Fig. 4 Qalb Loze Fig. 5 Khirbet Hassan Fig. 6 Mar Musa 95. Sura (Raqqa) Fig. 1 The baths, general view from the west. Fig. 2 The Byzantine hypogeum. Fig. 3 A Justinian tower. Fig. 4 Western tower. Fig. 5 Various terracotta oil lamps. 96. Tell Shayzar (Hama) Fig. 1 Aerial view of the castle and tell Shayzar in 1935 Fig. 2 Test trench with occupation level of the 12th century AD. Fig. 3 Handmade painted ware of the 12th century AD. 97. The Citadel of Tell Shayzar (Hama) Fig. 1 General map of the citadel showing the main buildings. Fig. 2 General view of the citadel from the north-east. Fig. 3 Building CF6 from the south-east (Period II). Fig. 4 Entrance complex, CA2: the glacis attributed to Nur al-Din (Period IV) and the tower built by Qalawun (Period V). Fig. 5 Complex CA1 (Periods IV-V) and the ditch from the east. 98. Qalaat Al Mudiq/Apamean Citadel (Hama) Fig.1 The plan of the citadel Fig. 2 The southeastern part of the Qal’at el Mudiq tell and the collapsed area of the medieval glacis Fig. 3. - Excavations in Sector A: mudbrick wall M4 and Hellenistic rampart M1 Fig. 5 Tower 5 after restorations Fig. 4 Tower 5: foundations in the sounding outside the tower Fig. 6 Sector B after restorations 99. Tell Tuneinir (Hassake) (Photo Prof Michael Fuller, STLCC). Fig. 1 View of Area 1 excavation area at Tell Tuneinir and impounded floodwater, 2004 (Photo Prof David Hanlon, STLCC). Fig. 2 Braided Arabic script on a circular stucco panel from the interior of the Area 4 mesjed bearing the inscription rabbil ‘alamin Fig. 3 Decorated marble panel dating from ca. AD 1000 and excavated from the Area 9 monastic church. Syriac text was faintly incised in the space around the two smaller crosses 100. Aleppo Castle (Aleppo) Fig. 1a Multicoloured glazed vessel with decorations of foliage and animal designs on the inner surface. Fig. 1b Glazed vessel with animal designs on the background. Fig. 1c Multicoloured glazed bowl in sgrafitto style. Fig. 2a Multicoloured small glazed bowl in sgrafitto style with geometrical designs on the inner surface. Fig. 2b Multicoloured glazed bowl with geometrical designs on the inner surface. Fig. 3 Plate fragment with geometric design. Fig. 4a Multicoloured large glazed bowl in sgrafitto style with foliage designs (early Mamluk period). Fig. 4b Large glazed bowl in sgrafitto style with decorated inner surface. Fig. 5 Multicoloured glazed vessel in sgrafitto style. 101. Madinat el-Far/Hisn Maslama (Raqqa) Fig. 2 Stucco relief in the reception hall of the mansion (field S26). Fig. 3 Stucco wall cupboard with shelves, reconstruction (S10). Fig. 4 Wadi flood gate between the quadrangular north compound and the citadel (S22). Fig. 5 Eastern bathroom and water supply in the citadel (S29). Fig. 6. Painted floor in the northwest room of the citadel (S22). Fig. 7 Lid of ivory pyxis and drawing of the complete pyxis (S10). Fig. 8 Glass bowl from a well with coloured applications (S24). 102. Kharab Sayyar (Raqqa) Fig. 1 Satellite image Fig. 2 Step-trench through the layers of the 3rd millennium. Fig. 3 Geomagnetic map. Fig. 4 ‘Great House’ (plan) Fig. 5 Stucco decoration. Fig. 6 Bath. Fig. 7. ‘Great Mosque’ (plan). Fig. 8 The west gate. Fig. 9 Cistern underneath the west riwaq of the mosque. 103. Tell Damir (Raqqa) Fig. .1 Tell Damir in the Balikh Valley. Fig. 2 Eastern and western sections of Tell Damir. Fig. 3 Sketch of room C5 showing location of oven. Fig. 4 Plan of the central courtyard. Fig. 5 Ceramic vessel from Tell Damir. 55. Qala’at Halwanji (Aleppo) Fig. 1 3D model of Qala’at Halwanji. Fig. 2 Topographic map of the site showing locations of test excavations. Fig. 3 View of room with storage jars (sondage 13). Fig. 4 Seal impression on clay cap from sondage 19. Fig. 5 Examples of drinking cups found at Halwanji. 56. Tell Ahmar/Til Barsib (Aleppo) Fig. 1 Tentative reconstruction of the Early Bronze Age temple (a) and view of the installations set against the north wall of the temple (b). Fig. 2 Middle Bronze Age storerooms (looking east). Fig. 3 The Storm-God stele discovered in the Euphrates near Tell Ahmar. Fig. 4 Detail of the Iron Age II mosaic excavated on the tell. Fig. 5 Ivory from the Neo-Assyrian residence C1a. Fig. 6 Neo-Assyrian vaulted tomb (a) and statue of an Assyrian official discovered near the tomb (b). 57. Chagar Bazar/Ashnakkum (Hassake) Fig. 1 Plan of Chagar Bazar. Fig. 2 Habur pottery (Middle Bronze Age) from Area I. Fig. 3 Early Bronze Age grave covered with mudbricks (already opened) (Area H, T.198). Fig. 4 Bulla with Middle Bronze Age cylinder seal impression (Area I). Fig. 5 Cuneiform tablet (CB 3341) relating to the delivery of good quality beer (Area I). Fig. 6 Silver pendant (CB 4497) found in a favissa (Area I). Fig. 7 Middle Bronze Age grave with a shaft and lateral inhumation cavity (Area I, T.122). 58. Tell Humeida (Deir ez-Zor) Fig. 1 Location of Tell Humeida on the Middle Syrian Euprates. Fig. 2 Byzantine baths. Fig. 3 Byzantine wall. Fig. 4 Bevelled-rim bowls in situ. Fig. 5 Collection of bevelled-rim bowls. 59. Tell Qabr Abu al-‘Atiq (Deir ez-Zor) Fig. 1 Situation of Tell Qubr Abu al-‘Atiq on the Middle Syrian Euphrates. Fig. 2 Two rooms of the Early Bronze Age building. Fig. 3 Digital model of the Middle Assyrian building. Fig. 4 Middle Assyrian Administrative Pottery (room 1). Fig. 5 Middle Assyrian Administrative Pottery (room 3). 60. Tulul el-Far, Tell Taouil and Tell el-Kharaze (Damascus) Fig. 1 Map of Damascus area featuring Bronze Age main archaeological sites Fig. 2 Topography and site mapping showing Tulul el-Far (north), Tell Taouil (south), Tell el-Kharaze (east) Fig. 3 Tulul el-Far, field C, level I (© M.-G. Froidevaux, E. Devidal, Mission of Tulul el-Far). Fig. 4 Circular building I with consisting of two rings of bricks. Hole-mouth jars with incisions were found on the floors of these storage buildings Fig. 5 Ceramics and objects found in situ, field B, level I Fig. 6 Tell Taouil Fig. 7 First draft of site pattern around the Damascus oasis. To the south, the Nahr el-A’ouaj valley might have acted as a natural boundary 61. Tell Massin and Tell al-Nasriyah (Hama) Fig. 1 The ‘micro-region’ on the right bank of the Orontes River Fig. 2 Tell Massin, topographical survey Fig. 3 Tell Massin, the Bronze Age levels, a reconstruction Fig. 4 Tell al-Nasriyah, geomorphological survey Fig. 5 Tell al-Nasriyah, topographical survey Fig. 6 Tell al-Nasriyah, acropolis, sounding D, the monumental building dated from Iron Age II Fig. 7 Tell al-Nasriyah, lower town, sounding F, the large residence dated from Iron Age II Fig. 8 Tell al-Nasriyah, lower town, sounding F, the large residence, storage area with an amphora set in a pithos Fig. 9 Tell al-Nasriyah, lower town, sounding A, the cremation cemetery 62. Tell Arbid (Hassake) Fig. 1 Tell Arbid seen from the north. Fig. 2 Step trench on the eastern slope of Tell Arbid. Fig. 3 Grave of the Mitannian period discovered near the top of the tell. Fig. 4 Ninevite period house from sector D. Fig. 5 Ninevite shrine with adjacent terrace. Fig. 6 Façade of the ‘Public Building’, with later cubicles in the foreground. 63. Tell Halaf (Hassake) Fig. 1 Sketch map with the location of Tell Halaf Fig. 2 Tell Halaf from North, 2006 Fig. 3 Trench A, 1899 Fig. 4 Round building with rectangular annex: Halaf Period 2009 Fig. 5 The ‘scorpion gate’, 1911 Fig. 6 Remains of the ‘western palace’ and the ‘scorpion-gate’ from the east, 2006 Fig. 7 Southern part of the Assyrian ‘governor’s-palace’ from the west, 2009, 2010 64. Halawa (Raqqa) Fig. 1 Overall plan of Halawa (Halawa A marked). Fig. 2 Plan of Halawa A, Layer 3. Fig. 3 Plan of Halawa A, Layer 2. Fig. 4 Main room of the temple. Fig. 5 Main room of a household. Fig. 6 Wall at Area Q. Fig. 7 Stele fragment. Fig. 8 Overall plan of Halawa (Halawa B marked). Fig. 9 Building II. Fig. 10 Halawa B finds. Fig. 11 Wall painting at Halawa B. Fig. 12 Limestone stele with painting. 65. Tell Shiyukh Tahtani (Aleppo) Fig. 1 Tell Shiyukh Tahtani, viewed from the west Fig. 2 Mudbrick architecture (late 4th millennium BC) Fig. 3 Jar burial (a) containing ‘champagne cups’ (b) (3000-2700 BC) Fig. 4 Pit grave with rich pottery finds (2500-2200 BC) Fig. 5 Bronze bull pendant (2500-2200 BC) Fig. 6 Burnt building with household inventory (Middle Bronze Age II) Fig. 7 Pit burial of a child with sheep offering (Middle Bronze Age II) 66. Ras Shamra/Ugarit (Lattakia) Fig. 1 Tablet RS 94.2411, H. 6.5cm, so-called ‘house of Urtenu’, Ugarit, Late Bronze Age. Fig. 2 Restoration of the temple of Baal, acropolis of Ras Shamra, Late Bronze Age Fig. 3 – The so-called temple of Dagan, acropolis of Ras Shamra, Late Bronze Age Fig. 4a-b The ‘bridge-dam’ on the Nahr ed-Delbe, photography and restoration of the first phase, probably dated to the Late Bronze Age Fig. 5 Stelae discovered in a great building south of the so-called ‘residence of Yabninu’, Ugarit, Late Bronze Age, Latakia Museum Fig. 6 Gold covering in the form of a wing, probably from a figure of a sphinx decorating a piece of furniture, royal palace of Ugarit, Late Bronze Age, Damascus Museum Fig. 7 The so-called temple of Dagan: view from the east of the stone wall 67. Tell Chuera (Raqqa) Fig. 1 Satellite image Fig. 2 Geomagnetic map. Fig. 3 Development of the settlement during the Early Bronze Age. Fig. 4 Residential area K (aerial photo). Fig. 5. Steinbau I (aerial photo). Fig. 6 Steinbau VI (entrance). Fig. 7. Steinbau III: monumental staircase leading to the platform. Fig. 8 Part of the outer city wall of the EBA IVA. Fig. 9 Palace G (aerial photo). Fig. 10 Palace G (reconstruction). 68. Amrith/Marathos (Tartous) Fig. 1 Amrith: aerial view with locations of main buildings Fig. 2 Amrith 2010: pottery from the Early Bronze Age IV Fig. 3 Amrith 1965: pottery from the Middle Bronze Age Fig. 4 Amrith 1957 (?): general view of the ‘Sanctuary of Melqart’ Fig. 5 Amrith 2010: the royal necropolis known as ‘Maghazel’ Fig. 6 Amrith 1996 (?): stone steles from the Bayyada necropolis Fig. 7 Amrith 1987: anthropomorphic marble sarcophagi from Roumet el Zahab Fig. 8 Amrith 1864: sanctuary of ‘Ain al-Hayyate, 69. Arslan Tash (Aleppo) Fig. 1 Plan of Arslan Tash Fig. 2 Plan of the ‘House of the Ivories’ Fig. 3 Ivory representation of a cow suckling her calf, 8th century Fig. 4 Ivory representation of the birth of Horus, 8th century Fig. 5 Basalt Lion from the site of Arslan Tash 70. Tell Meskene/Emar (Aleppo) Fig. 1 General plan. Fig. 2 EME 5 rooms. Fig. 3 Triple bowl with figurine heads. Fig. 4 Town wall after restoration in 2010. Fig. 5 Temple of Baal and the north temple after restoration in 2010. Fig. 6 A ‘front-room’ house. 71. Tell Barri/Kahat (al Hassake) Fig. 1a and b Tell Barri: chronological sequence. Bottom right, site plan with excavation areas. Fig. 2 Tell Barri: A) Area G – sacred complex, general view; bottom left, votive objects from the shrine. B) Votive miniature bottle. C) Small bowl, Ninivite 5. D) Cretula with two seal impressions. Fig. 3 Tell Barri: A) Area G – the bathroom of the palace of Adad Nirari I; bottom right, basalt mortar with cuneiform inscription referring to the palace (B). Fig. 4 Tell Barri: A) Area J – the palace of Tukulti Ninurta II, general view from the north. B) fresco fragment from the palace wall. C) Detail of threshold decoration . Fig. 5 Tell Barri: A) The Parthian defensive wall on the acropolis, general view from the north; Parthian glazed dish (B); jar fragment with impressed decoration, Sasanian (C); Islamic jug with impressed decoration (D); hand-made jug (E). 72. Tell Kazel/Sumur (Tartous) Fig. 1 Map of the Akkar Plain showing the three major sites of Tell Kazel, Arqa and Jamous. Fig. 2 Spiral stairway (Middle Bronze Age). Fig. 3 Three superimposed temples. Fig. 4 Temple offerings (Late Bronze Age I). Fig. 5 Painted brasero (Late Bronze Age I). Fig. 6 Luxury faience offerings on display in the Tartous Museum (Late Bronza Age I). Fig. 7 Sheet bronze figurines. Fig. 8 Shell floor (Late Bronze Age II). Fig. 9 Handmade burnished ware (Late Bronze Age II – Iron Age I). 73. Tell Qumluq (Aleppo) Fig. 1 Map of Syria Fig. 2 Tell Qumluq, 2008 Fig. 3 Surface collection and sherd scatters at the base of Tell Qumluq, 2008 Fig. 4 Flooded Tomb III at Tell Qumluq, August 2008 Fig. 5 Pottery from Tomb III Fig. 6:1-6 Pottery from Tomb III 74. The Cemetery of Abu Hamad (Raqqa) Fig. 1 Plan of Abu Hamed. Fig. 2 Area Z, grave 17. Fig. 4 Area M: two graves (stone cists). Fig. 5 Area J: plan of the graves. Fig. 6 Area E: stone cist-grave. Fig. 3 Pottery assemblage. 75. The cemeteries of Wreide, Tawi and Shameseddin (Raqqa) Fig. 1 Map of the upper region of the Tabqa Dam. Fig. 2 Wreide: grave O11. Fig. 3 Wreide: figurine. Fig. 4 Tawi: location of the cemeteries. Fig. 5 Tawi: grave T5. Fig. 6 Tawi: grave T64. Fig. 7 Shameseddin, grave 6. Fig. 8 Shameseddin, grave 34. 76. Tell Ajaja (Hassake) Fig. 1 Tell Ajaja: topographic sketch Fig. 2 Lamassu 1: Reproduction from Layard, A. H., Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon Fig. 3 Tell Ajaja 1989: trench from east, showing door 1 with muzzle for drainage; door 2 with lamassu 3 in situ; and limits of Layard’s tunnel in the background Fig. 4 Lamassu 1 as excavated in 1982 Fig. 5 Lion lamassu (no. 6) as excavated in 1989 Fig. 6 The same lion lamassu: Reproduction from Layard, A. H., Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon Fig. 7 Lamassu no. 5 Fig. 8 Stele no. 1: postcard Fig. 9 Stele no. 2: postcard Fig. 10 Orthostat as excavated in 1984 77. Tell Bderi (Hassake) Fig. 1 Tell Bderi: plateau looking north Fig. 2 Tell Bderi: topographic plan Fig. 3 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’ area looking north Fig. 4 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’, phase 25, town wall and gate, Early Dynastic I Fig. 5 Tell Bderi: town wall and gate, reconstruction Fig. 6 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’, House I Fig. 7 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’, Fig. 8 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’, reconstructed inventory Fig. 9 Tell Bderi: phase 8, House on the ‘northern knoll’, ‘kitchen’, reconstruction in the National Museum of Deir ez-Zor Fig. 10 Tell Bderi: the ‘northern knoll’, plan of Mittani platform and architecture Fig. 11: Tell Bderi, Phase 2, shaft with Middle Assyrian fill Fig. 12: Tell Bderi, Phase 2, Middel Assyrian foundation cylinder 78. Jebel Khalid, (Aleppo) Fig. 1 Contour map of Jebel Khalid, showing areas excavated up to 2010 Fig. 2 Plan of the acropolis palace Fig. 3 Plan of the Jebel Khalid temple Fig. 4 Limestone head found in temple, Area B. Fig. 5 3D reconstruction of the ‘House of the Painted Frieze’ Fig. 6 Stucco fragments from the oikos of the ‘House of the Painted Frieze’, featuring Eros and goat chariot. Fig. 7 Entry to the courtyard in T44, Area S (east), 2010. 79. Palmyra, 30 Years of Syro-German/Austrian Archaeological Research (Homs) Fig. 1 Palmyra: tomb no 36, reconstructed entrance facade. Fig. 2 Palmyra: tomb no. 36, reconstructed ground plan. Fig. 3 Palmyra: tomb no. 36, architectural sculpture. Fig. 4 Rome: Villa Albani, Roman sarcophagus. Fig. 5 Palmyra: quarry no. 1, plan. Fig. 6 Palmyra: quarry no. 1, columns. Fig. 7 Palmyra: quarry no. 3, ‘dragon-house’. Fig. 8 Palmyra: restoration of a textile, from the tower-tomb of Kitot (40 AD). Fig. 9 Palmyra: linen shawl of local production. Fig. 10 Palmyra: textile ornament of an architectural decoration. Fig. 11 Palmyra: silk fabric imported from China, from the tower-tomb of Kitot (40 AD). Fig. 12 Palmyra: area of the ‘Hellenistic’ town, magnetogram of the underground settlement. Fig. 13 Palmyra: area of the ‘Hellenistic’ town, test trench I, Rhodian amphora stamp (3rd century BC). Fig. 14 Palmyra: area of the ‘Hellenistic’ town, ‘khan’, ground plan. Fig. 15 Palmyra: area of the ‘Hellenistic’ town, ‘khan’, stucco fragment. Fig. 16 Map of Palmyra’s trade network, as documented by artefacts found in the ‘khan’. Fig. 17 ‘Atlas de Palmyre’, detail 80. Palmyra, Japanese Archaeological Research (Homs) Fig. 1 Tombs excavated by the Japanese Archaeological Mission in the southeast necropolis. Fig. 2 Innermost wall of Tomb C. Fig. 3 General view of the main chamber of Tomb F. Fig. 4 Accessories from Tomb G. Fig. 5 Exedra on the north sidewall in Tomb H. Fig. 6 General view of house-tomb 129-b in the north necropolis (before excavation). Fig. 7 3D image of house-tomb 129-b (before excavation). Fig. 8 Reconstruction image of house-tomb 129-b. 81. Palmyrena. The Northern Hinterland of Palmyra (Homs) Fig. 1 Arrowheads from Jebel Abyad. Fig. 2a Large Bronze Age cairn, Jebel Abyad. Fig. 2 Distribution of Bronze Age cairns north of Palmyra. Fig. 3 Distribution of settlements and forts north of Palmyra. Fig. 4 Remains of building in Jebel Merah. 82. Palmyra/Tadmor (Homs) Fig. 1 ‘Diocletian’s Camp’. The headquarters at the forefront, the Bel sanctuary at the far end. Fig. 2 The ruins of the Allat temple and, beyond, the gate of the sanctuary. Fig. 3 An artist’s rendering of the Allat temple in the 2nd century CE Fig. 4 The ‘Allat Lion’ as restored in front of the Palmyra Museum. Fig. 5 Some sculptures from the Allat temple; in the background, the statue of Athena. 83. Cyrrhus/Nebi Houri (Aleppo) Fig. 1 One of the three Roman-Byzantine bridges crossing the Sabun and Afrin Rivers (© The Cyrrhus Syro-Lebanese Excavation Mission). Fig. 2 The polygonal foundation of the Hellenistic southern fortification Fig. 3 Topographical plan of Cyrrhus Fig. 4 Aerial view of the Roman theatre Fig. 5 Aerial view of the mosaics of the Roman house Fig. 6 Aerial view of the cathedral Fig. 7 Aerial view of the church located east of the theatre on the main street Fig. 8 Detail of the figurative mosaic found in the Roman house Fig. 9 The mausoleum of Nebi Houri 84. Tell As-Sin (Deir ez-Zor) Fig. 1 Plan of the site Fig. 2 Bastion 20: (A): picture after the excavation; (B): plan of the bastion Fig. 3 Sounding F in the lower town Fig. 4. Hypogeum 14: plan and section Fig. 5 The arcosolium in the hypogeum Fig. 6 A sample of the types of beads found in the tombs 85. Gindaros (Aleppo) Fig. 1 Gendaros: geomagnetic survey of the western acropolis showing the excavation areas. Fig. 2 Juvenile graves with amphorae. Fig. 3 Basalt censer (bokal) in ritual context in the Hellenistic level. Fig. 4 Domestic structures in the western acropolis (A6). Fig. 5 Ceramic horsehead. Fig. 6 Mosaic (detail) from the hammam. 86. El-Iss/Qinnasrin (Aleppo) Fig. 1 Prints of cylinder seals found during the survey of the Bronze Age necropolis Fig. 2 Roman funerary sculpture at Qinnasrin Fig. 3 Inscribed lintel on the gate of the Byzantine rampart Fig. 4 Angle of the Early Islamic fortress wall on the mountain Fig. 5 The bath discovered in area B Fig. 6 The tomb of ‘Nabi ‘Is’ on a mountain tell , today destroyed 87. Resafa/Sergiopolis (Raqqa) Fig. 1 Rusafa Fig. 2 Rusafa: the huge church containing the remains of St. Sergio. 88. Resafa/Sergiupolis /Rusafat Hisham (Raqqa) Fig. 1 Resafa: aerial photograph from the northeast Fig. 2 Resafa: city plan Fig. 3 Resafa: Basilica A, view from the southwest Fig. 4 Resafa: Basilica A, view from the southern side aisle to the east Fig. 5 Resafa: Tetraconch Church Fig. 6 Resafa: site plan of the city and its surroundings with selected find-sites Fig. 7 Roman limes between the Euphrates and Palmyra 89. Zenobia – Halabiya (Deir ez-Zor) Fig. 1 General view of Halabiya from the east. Fig. 2 General map of the city. Fig. 3 View of sector 6 from the east. Fig. 4 Amphorae, jars and pots from sector 6. Fig. 5 Map of sector 3. Fig. 6 Examples of tower-tombs and hypogea. Fig. 7 Frescoes in tomb 29. 90. Sergilla, Ruweiha and El Bâra (Idlib) Fig. 1 Northern Syria, showing the village sites. Fig. 2 Sergilla. Fig. 3 View of the gebel al Zawiya. Fig. 4 Landscape near Ruweiha. Fig. 5 Topographical plan of Sergilla. Fig. 6 Reconstruction of the large press found at Sergilla. Fig. 7 Al Bara. Fig. 8 Reconstruction of the baths and mosque at al Bara. Fig. 9 Ruweiha. Fig. 10 Excavations in house 22 (Ruweiha). 1. El Kowm Oasis (Homs) Fig. 1 The Landscape at El Kowm with the eponymous Tell. Fig. 2 View of the excavation at Hummal site. Fig. 3 General view of the site of Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar. Fig. 4 Excavation at Nadaouiyeh. Fig. 5 Excavation at Hummal. Fig. 6 Animal remains discovered in Yabrudian layer, Hummal. Fig. 7 Reconstruction of the Homo erectus skull from Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar. Fig. 8 Human remains from the Mousterian levels of Hummal, medial upper incisor Fig. 9 Chopping tool from Ain Al Fil. Fig. 10 Acheulian handaxes from Nadaouiyeh Fig. 11 Yabrudian artefacts from Nadaouiyeh Fig. 12 Hummalian blades from Nadaouiyeh 2. Dederiyeh Cave (Aleppo) Fig. 1 Dederiyeh Cave, looking from the main entrance. Fig. 2 Stone tools of the Neanderthals at Dederiyeh Cave. Fig. 3 Discovery of the first Neanderthal burial in 1993. Fig. 4 Close-up of the first Neanderthal burial. Fig. 5 Reconstruction of the first Neanderthal child. 3. Wadi Mushkuna Rockshelter (Damascus) Fig. 1 Wadi Mushkuna Rockshelter. Overview of the site showing its location on the northern edge of the wadi beneath the limestone cuesta Fig. 2 Wadi Mushkuna Rockshelter. Overview of excavations in the October 2010 4. Baaz Rockshelter (Damascus) Fig. 1 Baaz Rockshelter at the time of its discovery in May 14, 1999 Fig. 2 Baaz Rockshelter, Autumn 2000: excavating the Natufian house 5. Kaus Kozah Cave (Damascus) Figure 1 Kaus Kozah Cave during the 2006 excavation season Figure 2 Kaus Kozah Cave. Excavations on the terrace in front of the eastern entrance in the autumn of 2006 Figure 3 Kaus Kozah Cave. Terminal Natufian infant burial Figure 4 Kaus Kozah Cave. View of the bedrock mortars in the area just inside the western entrance to the cave Figure 5 View from Kaus Kozah toward the fertile springs above Ma’aloula 6. Abu Hureyra (Raqqa) Fig. 1 Abu Hureyra from the south-west. Fig. 2 Pit dwellings in Abu Hureyra 1. Fig. 3 Reconstruction of a pit dwelling in Abu Hureyra 1. Fig. 4 Abu Hureyra 2, Trench A. A multi-roomed mudbrick house with plaster floors. Fig. 5 The village of Abu Hureyra 2 c. 7,000 B.C. Fig. 6 Abu Hureyra 2, Trench C. A collective burial illustrating separation of skulls. 7. Qarassa (Sweida) Fig. 1 Qarassa. Digital elevation model of the site viewed toward the south-east. Fig. 2 Aerial view of the Natufian settlement. Fig. 3 Plan of a Natufian house. Fig. 4 Plan of the Early PPNB house. Fig. 5 Early PPNB bone wand with two human faces. Fig. 6 Chalcolithic pottery sample. Fig. 7 Early Bronze Age III rampart. Fig. 8 Iron Age storage room. 8. Mureybet (Raqqa) Fig. 1 Mureybet, on the left bank of the Euphrates. Fig. 2 The most ancient building at the site (Khiamian: IB). Fig. 3 A figurine representing a woman. Fig. 4 ‘Maison 47’, a PPNA communal building (picture). Fig. 5 ‘Maison 47’, a PPNA communal building (drawing). 9. Tell Qaramel (Aleppo) Fig. 1 Tower 5 "This book presents the long history of Syria by means of a journey through its most important and most recently-excavated archaeological sites.(...)". Quatrième de couverture