A history of Russian law : from ancient times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649

The beginnings of Russian law are documented by the Russo-Byzantine treaties of the 10th century and the oldest Russian law, the Russkaia Pravda. The tempestuous developments of the following centuries (the incessant wars among the princes, the Mongol invasion, the rise of the Novgorod republic) all left their marks on the legal system until the princes of Muscovy succeeded in reuniting the country. This resulted in the creation of major legislative monuments, such as the Codes of Ivan the Great of 1497 and of Ivan the Terrible of 1550. After the Time of Troubles the Council Code of the second Romanov Tsar, Aleksei, of 1649 became the starting point for the comprehensive Russian codification of the 19th century. The next period of Russian legal history is the subject of vol. 70 of Law in Eastern Europe: “A History of Russian Law. From the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649 to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917”, Brill | Nijhoff, 2023. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 15 List of Abbreviations......Page 17 List of Maps......Page 19 Part 1: The Middle Ages (until 1497)......Page 21 The Purpose of This Work......Page 23 Periodization......Page 24 The Definition of Law......Page 30 The Organization of This Work......Page 34 General History and History of Law......Page 36 Medieval Law......Page 39 An Outline of the ‘Constitutional’ History of Russia During the Era of the Independent Principalities......Page 43 State and Law During the Era of the Independent Principalities......Page 58 Section 1: Sources......Page 67 The Concept of Sources......Page 69 Chronicles......Page 72 Kormchie......Page 76 The Merilo Pravednoe......Page 81 The Knigi Zakonnye......Page 83 Archives......Page 84 Foreign Sources for the Prehistory of Russian Law......Page 86 Publication of Texts, Literature, Bibliography......Page 92 The Treaties with Byzantium......Page 105 The Treaty of 907......Page 108 The Treaty of 911......Page 110 The Treaty of 944......Page 113 The Zakon Russkii......Page 116 History of the Study of the Russkaia Pravda......Page 121 The Different Versions of the Russkaia Pravda......Page 124 The Division of the Russkaia Pravda into Articles......Page 126 The Short Pravda: Introduction......Page 127 The Short Pravda: The Pravda of Iaroslav......Page 128 The Sources of Iaroslav’s Pravda......Page 133 The Pravda of Iaroslav’s Sons......Page 138 The Final Compilation of the Short Pravda......Page 142 The Expanded Pravda: Introduction......Page 144 The Codicology of the Expanded Pravda......Page 146 The Composition of the Expanded Pravda......Page 151 The Relationship Between the Short Pravda and the Expanded Pravda......Page 153 The Statute of Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh......Page 155 The Final Compilation of the Expanded Pravda......Page 157 Foreign Sources for the Russkaia Pravda?......Page 159 The Abridged Version of the Russkaia Pravda......Page 162 Introduction......Page 164 The Church Statute of St. Vladimir......Page 165 The Church Statute of Iaroslav the Wise......Page 170 The Statute of Vsevolod on Church Courts and People and on Trade Measures......Page 174 The Testament of Vsevolod Mstislavich (Rukopisanie)......Page 177 The Statute of Sviatoslav Ol’govich of 1137......Page 178 The Smolensk Charters of Rostislav Mstislavich and Bishop Manuil......Page 180 Church-State Relations in 14th and 15th Centuries Texts......Page 181 Generall......Page 183 Treaties: Internal Russian Treaties......Page 185 Treaties with Foreign Powers......Page 188 The Treaty of 1229 between Mstislav Davydovich of Smolensk and Riga and the Gothic Coast......Page 190 The Treaty between the ‘Unknown Prince’ of Smolensk and Riga and the Gothic Coast......Page 191 The 1269 Treaty between Novgorod and the Hanseatic League......Page 192 The Novgorod-Tver’ Treaties......Page 193 The Peace Treaty of 1318 between Moscow and Novgorod and Tver’......Page 195 The Charter of Dvina Land......Page 197 The Court Charter of Pskov......Page 198 The Charter of Novgorod......Page 204 Iaroslav’s Law on Bridges......Page 207 The Charters of Belo Ozero......Page 208 The Metropolitan’s Justice......Page 210 The Homicide Law of Vasilii II the Blind......Page 213 The Code of Ivan III: Introduction and Historiography......Page 215 The Numbering of the Articles of the Code......Page 218 The Contents of the Code......Page 219 General Historical Background and Character of the Code......Page 220 The Sources for the Code of 1497......Page 223 Legal Significance of the Code of 1497......Page 225 The Impact of Byzantine Law......Page 229 The Court Law for the People (Zakon Sudnyi liudem)......Page 230 The Skra of Novgorod......Page 237 The Iasa of Chingis-Khan and the Impact of Mongol-Tatar Rule on Russian Law......Page 239 The Legal Environment of Medieval Russian Law......Page 247 Rurikid Marriages as an Indication of Political and Cultural Contacts......Page 253 Introduction......Page 254 Sources and Historiography before 1917......Page 255 Sources and Historiography after 1917......Page 257 Classification of Documents......Page 260 Alphabetical Dictionary of Gramoty......Page 265 Documents and Collections Other Than Gramoty......Page 305 Pistsóvye and razriadnye knigi......Page 307 Novgorod Birch-Bark Documents......Page 308 The Iarlyki of the Tatar Khans......Page 310 Section 2: The Law......Page 317 The Eastern Slav Tribes in the 10th Century......Page 319 Russia’s Multi-Ethnic Past in Ancient Times......Page 321 The Emergence and First Expansion of the Early Russian State......Page 326 The Dynasty of Rurik......Page 328 The Socio-Economic Nature of Kievan Russia: The Feudalism Debate......Page 331 The Viking Question......Page 337 Tribute and Inter-Tribal Relationships in Early Kievan Russia......Page 343 Territory: A Postscript......Page 347 Introduction......Page 351 Relations between Princes: Succession and Treaties – Introductory Observations......Page 356 The Viking Origins of the House of Rurik......Page 358 The Succession History According to the Primary Chronicle – A Brief Survey......Page 359 The General Principles of Princely Succession......Page 363 The Grand Princely Dignity......Page 370 Relations between Princes: Wills and Treaties......Page 376 Princely Rule: Succession, Popular Assent, Mongol-Tatar Validation......Page 383 The Office and Function of the Prince......Page 386 The Prince’s Court and Officials in Kievan Times......Page 387 The Prince’s Government......Page 397 The Expansion of Princely Administration in Later Centuries......Page 399 General Taxation......Page 410 The Prince as Judge......Page 415 The Prince as Legislator......Page 417 External Relations: Diplomacy and War......Page 422 Introduction......Page 428 The Origin of Russian Towns......Page 429 Town Government and the Veche in Particular......Page 433 The Urban Population......Page 452 The Legal Framework of the Urban Economy......Page 459 I Velikii Novgorod......Page 485 II Pskov......Page 541 III A Note on Viatka-Khlynov......Page 545 Historical Introduction......Page 547 The Law of the Lithuanian Principality and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth......Page 551 18 Rural Russia......Page 563 Land Tenure and Land Ownership......Page 564 Large-Scale Land Ownership – Feudalism?......Page 565 Princes as Landowners......Page 567 Boyars and Other Landowners......Page 572 Landowning by the Church and Monasteries......Page 580 Peasants......Page 585 Peasant Landowning......Page 597 The Peasant Population in Later Centuries......Page 598 Transactions Concerning Land......Page 603 Local Government......Page 606 The Legal Status of the Individual......Page 609 Legal Classes......Page 612 The Individual as a Family Member......Page 639 20 The Individual as a Legal Actor......Page 664 Contracts......Page 666 Delicts......Page 668 Ownership......Page 671 21 The Church and Monasteries......Page 674 Church and State......Page 675 The Organization of the Church......Page 679 Church Jurisdiction......Page 683 Other Sources of Church Income......Page 694 Monasteries......Page 696 Landowning by the Church......Page 699 Introduction......Page 700 Secular and Church Courts......Page 704 Procedure in the Russkaia Pravda......Page 707 Procedure in Novgorod and Pskov......Page 709 Evidence......Page 712 Criminal Law......Page 719 Court Fees and Related Payments......Page 730 Part 2: Muscovy (until 1649)......Page 735 23 Introduction......Page 737 The Law of the Principality of Muscovy......Page 738 The Reforms of Ivan IV......Page 743 Section 1: Sources......Page 747 Introduction and Historiography......Page 749 General Historical Background and Character of the Code......Page 751 The Contents of the Code of 1550......Page 754 In Conclusion......Page 758 Legal Relevance of the Stoglav......Page 760 The Enactment of the Stoglav......Page 762 The Contents of the Stoglav......Page 763 The Code of 1589: Introduction......Page 765 The Contents of the Short and the Expanded Redactions......Page 766 The Relationship between the Two Redactions and the Character and Sources of the Code of 1589......Page 767 The Composite Code of 1606–1607......Page 770 27 The Statute Books of the Prikazy......Page 772 The Statute Books of the Brigandage Department......Page 773 The Statute Book of the Department for the City of Moscow......Page 774 The Statute Books of the Land Department......Page 775 28 Decisions of the Land Assembly (Zemskii Sobor)......Page 777 The Resolution of 30 June 1611......Page 778 Historical Background......Page 780 Historiography......Page 782 Preparation and Enactment......Page 783 Overview of the Contents......Page 785 Sources......Page 788 The Follow-up: Novellae or Novoukaznye stat’i......Page 790 Section 2: The Law......Page 793 30 The Tsar......Page 795 The Title of Tsar......Page 796 Autocracy and Public Law......Page 797 Succession......Page 799 The Tsar’s Court......Page 807 A Boyar Duma?......Page 809 The Land Assembly (Zemskii Sobor)......Page 817 The Administration......Page 827 Lower Officials......Page 833 Taxation......Page 834 The Army......Page 838 The Growth of the Principality of Moscow......Page 842 Muscovy and Western Russia......Page 846 Kormlenie as the Basis of the Traditional System......Page 851 The Reforms of Ivan IV......Page 855 The Abolition of Kormlenie......Page 861 Voevody......Page 862 Introduction......Page 864 Criminal Law in the Codes of Ivan III (1497) and Ivan IV (1550)......Page 866 The Guba and Land Charters......Page 869 Criminal Law in the Council Code (Sobornoe Ulozhenie) of 1649......Page 870 Criminal Law and the Church; Offences against Morals......Page 873 Criminal Procedure......Page 874 The Legal Status of the Individual: Men and Women......Page 880 Legal Classes......Page 881 The Sovereign and His Family......Page 882 Princes......Page 883 Boyars and Other High Nobles......Page 886 Lesser Nobles: Boyars’ Sons and Dvoriane......Page 888 Townspeople in Moscow and Elsewhere......Page 891 Merchants......Page 895 Peasants......Page 898 Slavery......Page 907 Foreigners......Page 911 Legal Persons......Page 913 36 Civil Law: Ownership and Obligations......Page 914 Ownership of Land......Page 915 Obligations......Page 936 Sources......Page 947 Marriage......Page 950 Relations between Spouses......Page 953 Dissolution of Marriage......Page 956 Parents and Children......Page 959 Inheritance and Succession......Page 961 Courts in the Period after the Sudebnik of Ivan III of 1497......Page 968 Courts in the Council Code (Sobornoe Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei of 1649......Page 970 Court Officials......Page 975 Civil Procedure......Page 976 Church-State Relations in Muscovy......Page 980 The Organization of the Church......Page 986 Church Legislation......Page 992 Church Jurisdiction......Page 995 The Monetary System of Medieval Russia......Page 1003 Measurements......Page 1006 Rurikids......Page 1007 Gediminids......Page 1030 Glossary of Russian Terms......Page 1034 Index of Personal Names......Page 1092 Subject Index......Page 1103 The Beginnings Of Russian Law Are Documented By The Russo-byzantine Treaties Of The 10th Century And The Oldest Russian Law, The Russkaia Pravda. The Tempestuous Developments Of The Following Centuries (the Incessant Wars Among The Princes, The Mongol Invasion, The Rise Of The Novgorod Republic) All Left Their Marks On The Legal System Until The Princes Of Muscovy Succeeded In Reuniting The Country. This Resulted In The Creation Of Major Legislative Monuments, Such As The Codes Of Ivan The Great Of 1497 And Of Ivan The Terrible Of 1550. After The Time Of Troubles The Council Code Of The Second Romanov Tsar, Aleksei, Of 1649 Became The Starting Point For The Comprehensive Russian Codification Of The 19th Century. General Introduction -- Sources -- The Treaties With Byzantium : The Zakon Russkii -- The Russkaia Pravda Or Russian Law -- The Russkaia Pravda : The Expanded Pravda -- Princely Statutes -- Treaties -- Town And Provincial Charters -- The Code (sudebnik) Of Ivan Iii Of 1497 -- Foreign Laws -- Non-legislative (non-normative) Legal Sources : Gramoty -- Setting The Stage : Territory And Tribes In Early Kievan Russia -- The Prince In Medieval Russia -- The Prince's Government -- The Towns -- Novgorod And Pskov -- Western Russia --rural Russia -- The Individual And The Family -- The Individual As A Legal Actor -- The Church And Monasteries -- Courts And Justice -- Introduction -- The Code (sudebnik) Of Ivan Iv Of 1550 -- The Stoglav -- The Codes Of 1589 And 1606-1607 -- The Statute Books Of The Prikazy -- Decisions Of The Land Assembly (zemskii Sobor) -- The Council Code (sobornoe Ulozhenie) Of Aleksei -- The Tsar -- The Tsar's Government -- Territory And Population -- Local Government -- Criminal Law And Procedure -- Civil Law : Persons -- Civil Law : Ownership And Obligations -- Civil Law : Family Law And Succession -- Courts And Justice; Civil Procedure -- The Church, Monasteries, And Church Law. By Ferdinand Feldbrugge. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. Vos Nuits Sont Un Calvaire Et Vos Matins Ne Sont Que Douleurs Et Peines ? Vous Avez Tout Essayé, Mais Rien N'y Fait, Votre Enfant Refuse D'aller Se Coucher, Dort Mal Et Vous Réclame Inlassablement à Corps Et à Cris ? Ce Livre Est Celui Qu'il Vous Faut ! Des éclairages Pour Comprendre Le Pourquoi Du Comment Inhérent à Tous Les Cas De Troubles Du Sommeil. 7 Solutions à Mettre En Place Facilement Pour Apaiser Ses Nuits... Et Les Vôtres. Des Astuces Simples Et Efficaces Pour Retrouver Des Nuits Sereines, Reposantes Et Sans Interruption.