تاریخ روسیه، جلد دوم: از ۱۸۵۵ به بعد (سری آنتهم در مطالعات روسی، اروپای شرقی و اوراسیا)

In this fully updated second edition of 'A History of Russia' Vol. II, Walter G. Moss has significantly revised his text and bibliography to reflect new research findings and controversies on numerous subjects. He has also brought the history up-to-date by revising the post-Soviet material, which now covers events from the end of 1991 up to the present day. This new edition retains the features of the successful first edition that have made it a popular choice in universities and colleges throughout the US, Canada and around the world. Moss's accessible history includes full treatments of politics, economics, foreign affairs and wars, and also of everyday life, women, legal developments, religion, literature, art and popular culture. In addition, it provides many other features that have proven successful with both academics and students, including a well-organized and clearly written text, references to varying historical viewpoints, numerous illustrations and maps that supplement and amplify the text, fully updated bibliographies accompanying each chapter as well as a general bibliography of more comprehensive works, a glossary and a chronology of important events. Moss's 'A History of Russia' will appeal to academics, students and general readers alike. Contents List of Maps List of Illustrations Preface to the Second Edition A Note to Students 1 Russia: Geography, Peoples, and Premodern Developments THE LAND: PHYSICAL FEATURES, CLIMATE, AND RESOURCES GEOGRAPHY’S IMPACT ON COLONIZATION AND NATIONAL IDENTITY THE PEOPLES ANCIENT RUS TO 1855: A SUMMARY OF MAJOR HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS Rus (860s-1240) Mongols and the Rise of Moscow (1240-1533) Muscovy and Its Expansion (1533-1689) Early Imperial Russia (1689-1855) Legacies of the Past Russia on the Eve of the Modem Age SUGGESTED SOURCES Part I: Late Imperial Russia, 1855-1917 2 Alexander II, Reformism, and Radicalism ALEXANDER II: THE MAN AND HIS TIMES EMANCIPATION OF THE SERFS Causes and Background Emancipation Statutes Reaction of the Peasants and Analysis ADDITIONAL REFORMS Zemstvo Reform Peasant Opinions on the Emancipation Judicial Reform Military Reform AUTOCRACY AND ITS OPPONENTS Moderate Reformism and Radicalism, 1855-1865 Reformism and Radicalism, 1866-1881 SUGGESTED SOURCES* 3 Reactionary Politics, Economic Modernization, and Political Opposition, 1881-1905 ALEXANDER III AND POBEDONOSTSEV: THE AUTOCRAT AND HIS CHIEF ADVISER REACTIONARY POLICIES OF ALEXANDER III POLICIES OF ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION, 1881-1903 NICHOLAS n AND THE POLITICS OF REACTION, 1894-1904 PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL OPPOSITION, 1881-1904 Russian Socialism: The Populist Strain Russian Socialism: The Marxists Liberalism and Reformism Chicherin's Call for a Limited Monarchy SUGGESTED SOURCES* 4 Russian Imperial and Foreign Policy, 1856-1905 THE FAR EAST, THE CAUCASUS, CENTRAL ASIA, AND ALASKA, 1856-1895 A Justification for Russian Advances in Central Asia EUROPE, THE POLES, AND RUSSIA’S WESTERN NATIONALITIES, 1856-1875 CRISIS IN THE BALKANS AND THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR OF 1877-1878 EUROPEAN RELATIONS, 1881-1905 NATIONALITIES, RUSSIFICATION, AND DISCRIMINATION, 1881-1905 Russification Policies Opposition Among the Nationalities Jews RUSSIAN ADVANCES IN ASIA AND THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR OF 1904-1905 Siberia and Russian Far Eastern Policies The Russo-Japanese War of1904-1905 SUGGESTED SOURCES* 5 Revolution or Evolution? Politics and War, 1905-1917 THE 1905 REVOLUTION: FROM BLOODY SUNDAY TO THE OCTOBER MANIFESTO CONTINUING DISORDERS AND DUMA PREPARATION THE FIRST TWO DUMAS AND THE APPOINTMENT OF STOLYPIN A Description of the First Duma STOLYPIN’S LAND POLICIES THE THIRD AND FOURTH DUMAS, AND THE DEATH OF STOLYPIN THE RADICAL OPPOSITION, 1907-1914 RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1906-1914 TSARIST RUSSIA AND WORLD WAR 1,1914-1916 CONCLUSION SUGGESTED SOURCES* 6 Economics and Society, 1855-1917 POPULATION, TOWNS, AND URBAN SOCIETY ENTREPRENEURS AND CIVIL SOCIETY ECONOMIC GROWTH INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN WORKERS NOBLES AND PEASANTS Nobles Rural Peasants Migrating Peasants FOOD AND DRINKING; FAMINE AND DISEASES WOMEN AND FAMILY LIFE LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS Policing the Russian Empire in the 1880s SUGGESTED SOURCES* 7 Religion and Culture, 1855-1917 RUSSIAN ORTHODOXY AND THE STATE THE NON-ORTHODOX AND OTHER CHALLENGES TO TRADITIONAL ORTHODOXY EDUCATION AND SCHOLARSHIP LITERATURE Turgenev, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy Chekhov, Gorky, and Other Writers Literature in the Silver Age ART AND ARCHITECTURE MUSIC DIAGILEV AND ARTISTIC CROSS-FERTILIZATION POPULAR CULTURE A Best-Selling Novel of 1907 SUGGESTED SOURCES* Part II: Russia and the Soviet Union, 1917-1991 8 The 1917 Revolutions THE MARCH REVOLUTION AND THE FALL OF THE ROMANOVS DUAL POWER LENIN’S RETURN AND LENINISM Lenin's April Theses Imperialism: The Latest Stage of Capitalism Revolutionary Role for Peasants Two-Stage Revolution Nationalities Issue POLITICAL REALIGNMENT DEEPENING OF THE REVOLUTION, MAY-SEPTEMBER THE BOLSHEVIKS, CLASSES, AND NATIONALITIES THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION: THE BOLSHEVIKS COME TO POWER ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION SUGGESTED SOURCES 9 Anti-Bolshevism, Civil War, and Allied Intervention EARLY OPPOSITION, NEW POLICIES, AND CLASS WARFARE THE FATE OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY AND GROWING SOVIET AUTHORITARIANISM REDS VERSUS WHITES AND ALLIED INTERVENTION NATIONALITIES AND THE RUSSO-POLISH WAR OF 1920 OPPOSITION FROM THE MASSES Hunger, Cold, and Sickness: Winter 1919-1920 CONCLUSIONS, COSTS, AND LEGACY SUGGESTED SOURCES 10 The Years of the New Economic Policy, 1921-1927 NEW ECONOMIC POLICY AND THE FAMINE OF 1921-1922 NEPMEN AND BOURGEOIS SPECIALISTS CHANGES IN THE GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNIST PARTY STALIN’S RISE TO PROMINENCE LENIN VERSUS STALIN Lenin's Growing Criticism of Stalin STALIN AND HIS RIVALS, 1923-1927 THE NEP PERIOD: SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS SUGGESTED SOURCES* 11 Stalin and Stalinism, 1928-1941 WHY ANOTHER REVOLUTION? Industrialize Rapidly or Be Crushed: Stalin's Speech to Industrial Managers STALIN, THE RIGHT OPPOSITION, THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN, AND COLLECTIVIZATION ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES UNDER THE FIVE-YEAR PLANS, 1928-1941 STALIN AND THE EARLY STALINISTS FORCED LABOR, SHOW TRIALS, PURGES, AND DEATHS THE STALIN CULT, FOSTERING PATRIOTISM, AND PUBLIC OPINION NATIONALITY AND CONSTITUTIONAL POLICIES CHANGES IN THE GOVERNMENT AND PARTY STALINISM AND THE LENINIST LEGACY SUGGESTED SOURCES* 12 Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1941 OVERVIEW AND THE BEGINNINGS OF SOVIET DIPLOMACY NEP YEARS FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN, 1928-1932 SEARCH FOR SECURITY, 1933-1939 Stalin on Appeasement and Soviet Foreign Policy, March 1939 SOVIET “NEUTRALITY,” SEPTEMBER 1939-JUNE 1941 SUGGESTED SOURCES* 13 The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945 ON THE EVE OF BATTLE WARFARE AND MAJOR BATTLES, JUNE 1941-MAY1945 The Battle of Stalingrad as Seen by Vasili Grossman GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLES; PARTISANS AND PRODUCTION LEND LEASE AND ALLIED DIPLOMACY THE END OF WORLD WAR II AND SOVIET GAINSAND LOSSES SUGGESTED SOURCES 14 Postwar and Cold War, 1945-1953 STALIN AND HIS POSTWAR DOMESTIC POLICIES THE EARLY COLD WAR Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and the Berlin Blockade The Russian Response to the Marshall Plan NATO, China, and the Korean War, 1949-1953 STALIN’S POSTWAR FOREIGN POLICY: AN ASSESSMENT SUGGESTED SOURCES* 15 An Economic and Social Transformation, 1917-1953 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS POPULATION, TOWNS, AND URBAN LIFE Moscow and Magnitogorsk Trends in Urban Housing and Living SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND THE NEW ELITE Party of Privilege Workers and the Intelligentsia Peasants FOOD AND FAMINE; DRINKING AND HEALTH WOMEN, FAMILY LIFE, AND YOUTH LAW AND LAWLESSNESS Conditions at the Solovetsky Concentration Camp, 1926 SUGGESTED SOURCES* 16 Religion and Culture, 1917-1953 CHURCH AND STATE EDUCATION, SCIENCE, AND SCHOLARSHIP LITERATURE Cement An Early Socialist Novel ART AND ARCHITECTURE MUSIC POPULAR CULTURE AND THE STATE SUGGESTED SOURCES* 17 The Khrushchev Era: Destalinization, Coexistence, and Confrontation KHRUSHCHEV’S BACKGROUND, CHARACTER, AND BELIEFS Khrushchev on the Superiority of Communism Over Capitalism STALIN’S SUCCESSORS AND THE EXECUTION OF BERIA DOMESTIC POLITICS AND KHRUSHCHEV’S POLICIES Khrushchev Versus Malenkov Khrushchev's Secret Speech and Destalinizativn Antiparty Group and Khrushchev's Victory Khrushchev's Economic, Social, and Cultural Policies: Successes and Reforms Khrushchev's Economic, Social, and Cultural Policies: Failures, Rebellions, and Repressions Nationalities: Reform, Dissent, and Repression FOREIGN POLICY First Steps, 1953-1956 Poland and Hungary in 1956 From Sputnik to the U-2 Incident, 1957-1960 Berlin, Cuba, and the Test Ban Treaty, 1961-1963 Sino-Soviet Split, World Communism, and Soviet Third World Polia/ KHRUSHCHEV’S DECLINE AND FALL SUGGESTED SOURCES* 18 From Stability to Stagnation, 1964-1985 LEADERS AND LEADERSHIP POLITICAL DECLINE, CORRUPTION, AND THE PARTY THE ECONOMY: FROM THE COMMAND SYSTEM TO BLACK MARKETEERING PUBLIC OPINION, NATIONALITIES, AND DISSENT Dissident Voices Protest the Czechoslovakian Invasion FOREIGN POLICY: CONFRONTATIONS AND DÉTENTE Czechoslovakia and the "Brezhnev Doctrine" China, Non-European Marxists, and the Third World Soviet-Western Relations: The Rise and Fall of Détente Soviet Foreign Policy on the Defensive, 1981-1984 SUGGESTED SOURCES* 19 Gorbachev and the End of the USSR, 1985-1991 GORBACHEV: THE MAKING OF A REFORMER DOMESTIC REFORMS: THE FIRST STAGE The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster GLASNOST, PERESTROIKA, AND DEMOCRATIZATION GORBACHEV’S THREE CRISES, 1988-1991 The Nationalities Crisis Gorbachev's Declining Political Authority The Economic Crisis GORBACHEV’S “NEW-THINKING” FOREIGN POLICY AND THE END OF THE COLD WAR THE COUP THAT FAILED AND ITS AFTERMATH THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION: A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS SUGGESTED SOURCES* 20 Economic and Social Life, 1953-1991 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT POPULATION, TOWNS, AND URBAN CONDITIONS RULING CLASS, SOCIAL STRUCTURE, AND CIVIL SOCIETY BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS: GAINS AND LOSSES LIFE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE FOOD AND DRINK; SICKNESS AND HEALTH WOMEN, FAMILY, AND GENDER ISSUES LAW AND LAWLESSNESS Widespread Theft SUGGESTED SOURCES* 21 Religion and Culture, 1953-1991 RELIGIOUS LIFE: FROM REPRESSION TO RESURGENCE EDUCATION, SCIENCE, AND SCHOLARSHIP LITERATURE: FROM THE THAW TO GLASNOST Pasternak, Grossman, and Solzhenitsyn A Soviet EditoriaLReview of Grossman's Life and Fate Poets and Satirists Writers of Village Prose Aitmatov, Iskander, Trifonov, and Tendriakov Popular Fiction, Guitar Poetry, Theater, and the Glasnost Era ART AND ARCHITECTURE MUSIC: FROM CLASSICAL TO ROCK ADDITIONAL ASPECTS OF POPULAR CULTURE: YOUTH, FILMS, TELEVISION, AND SPORTS SUGGESTED SOURCES* Contemporary Russia 22 Post-Soviet Russia A CHANGING ECONOMY SOCIAL TENSIONS AND PROBLEMS The Casualties of Change Russia's Homeless Children The Crime Problem TOWARD A DEMOCRATIC AND LAW-BASED SOCIETY? Yeltsin and the Russian Parliament, 1991-1999 The Putin Presidency Federal-Local Relations, Regionalism, and the War in Chechnya The Rule of Law and the Search for a New Identity RELIGION, EDUCATION, AND CULTURE Religion Education and Culture FOREIGN POLICY Russia and the Other Soviet Successor States Russia and the Western Powers Russia and Asia CONCLUSION SUGGESTED SOURCES* General Bibliography Appendix A: Chronology Appendix B: Glossary Appendix C: World Oil Prices Index In this fully updated second edition of Volume II of his two-volume A History of Russia, Walter G. Moss has significantly revised his text and bibliography to reflect new research findings and controversies on numerous subjects. He has also brought the history up to date by revising the post-Soviet material, which now covers events from the end of 1991 up to the present day. This new edition retains the features of the successful first edition that have made it a popular choice in universities and colleges throughout the US and Canada, and around the world.Moss's accessible history includes full treatments of politics, economics, foreign affairs and wars, and also of everyday life, women, legal developments, religion, literature, art and popular culture. In addition, it provides many other features that have proven successful with both academics and students, including a well-organized and clearly written text; references to varying historical viewpoints; numerous illustrations and maps that supplement and amplify the text; fully updated bibliographies accompanying each chapter as well as a general bibliography of more comprehensive works; a glossary; and a chronology of important events. Moss's A History of Russia will appeal to academics, students, and general readers alike.

Moss has significantly revised his text and bibliography in this second edition to reflect new research findings and controversies on numerous subjects. He has also brought the history up to date by revising the post-Soviet material, which now covers events from the end of 1991 up to the present day. This new edition retains the features of the successful first edition that have made it a popular choice in universities and colleges throughout the US, Canada and around the world.