A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, from Beginnings to 1807, Vol 2) - The Portuguese Empire (2009)

The Kingdom of Portugal was created as a by-product of the Christian Reconquest of Hispania. With no geographical raison d'?tre and no obvious roots in its Roman, Germanic, or Islamic pasts, it for long remained a small, struggling realm on Europe's outer fringe. Then, in the early fifteenth century, this unlikely springboard for Western expansion suddenly began to accumulate an empire of its own, eventually extending more than halfway around the globe. The History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, drawing particularly on historical scholarship postdating the 1974 Portuguese Revolution, offers readers a comprehensive overview and reinterpretation of how all this happened - the first such account to appear in English for more than a generation. Volume I concerns the history of Portugal itself from pre-Roman times to the climactic French invasion of 1807, and Volume II traces the history of the Portuguese overseas empire. Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contents for Volume 1......Page 11 Abbreviations......Page 15 List of Maps......Page 19 Preface......Page 21 BEGINNINGS: THE CONQUEST OF CEUTA......Page 45 THE ERA OF NEO-RECONQUEST......Page 49 RETREAT AND STALEMATE......Page 54 ECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS......Page 57 THE DISASTER OF AL-KSAR AL-KABIR......Page 60 THE FORTRESSES AFTER AL-KSAR AL-KABIR......Page 64 THE ROLE OF PRINCE HENRIQUE......Page 71 THE HENRICAN VOYAGES......Page 74 COASTS AND RIVERS OF GUINEA......Page 77 CÃO, DIAS AND THE SOUTH ATLANTIC......Page 79 LONG-DISTANCE VOYAGING AND NAUTICAL TECHNOLOGY......Page 83 PÊRO DE COVILHÃ AND PRESTER JOHN......Page 86 PROFITS ON THE FRINGES OF THE SAHARA......Page 89 DEALING WITH COMPETITORS......Page 91 CROWN AND LANÇADOS IN UPPER GUINEA......Page 93 PORTUGUESE ORIGINS OF GUINEA-BISSAU......Page 98 THE GOLD OF SÃO JORGE DA MINA......Page 100 BENIN AND THE NIGER DELTA......Page 105 THE KINGDOM OF KONGO......Page 109 THE CONQUEST OF NDONGO......Page 114 EARLY PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENT OF ANGOLA......Page 119 THE ANGOLAN SLAVE TRADE......Page 121 PORTUGUESE BEGINNINGS IN MADEIRA......Page 128 LATER DEVELOPMENT OF MADEIRA: SUGAR, WINE AND OVER-POPULATION......Page 131 DISCOVERING, SETTLING AND DEVELOPING THE AZORES......Page 136 THE AZORES IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES......Page 141 PORTUGAL AND THE CANARIES......Page 143 THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: DISCOVERY, SETTLEMENT AND EARLY GROWTH......Page 145 THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: THE LATER YEARS......Page 151 SÃO TOMÉ AND PRINCIPE: THE SLAVE ISLANDS......Page 154 THE NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERIES AND THE SOUTH ATLANTIC......Page 159 VASCO DAGAMA’S FIRST VOYAGE TO INDIA......Page 163 GETTING TO KNOW ‘THE OTHER’......Page 166 MANUELINE DREAMING......Page 169 ALBUQUERQUE......Page 173 POST-ALBUQUERQUIAN CONSOLIDATION......Page 178 ESCALATING DIPLOMACY......Page 181 THE ESTADO DA ÍNDIA......Page 189 THE CROWN AND THE PEPPER TRADE......Page 193 TAPPING INTO THE INTER-PORT TRADE......Page 197 THE CARREIRA DA ÍNDIA......Page 201 GOVERNING FROM AFAR......Page 203 LATE RESURGENT EXPANSIONISM......Page 209 LOSSES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY......Page 212 INTRODUCING THE PRIVATE TRADER......Page 216 PRIVATE TRADE IN WESTERN MARITIME ASIA......Page 219 PRIVATE TRADE IN EASTERN MARITIME ASIA......Page 226 SOLDIERS-OF-FORTUNE......Page 231 INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS AND SETTLERS......Page 236 MUZUNGOS AND PRAZO-HOLDERS IN MOZAMBIQUE......Page 242 CATHOLICS IN AN ALIEN WORLD......Page 244 EARLY VOYAGES AND THE AGE OF FEITORIAS......Page 248 THE AMERINDIANS AND THEIR CULTURE......Page 251 ESTABLISHING SETTLEMENTS: THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS......Page 254 THE DISINTEGRATION OF COASTAL AMERINDIAN SOCIETY......Page 260 THE IMPACT OF THE JESUITS......Page 263 EARLY-SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY FOREIGN EUROPEAN INTRUSIONS AND THE DUTCH CONQUEST OF PERNAMBUCO......Page 265 THE RULE OF COUNT JOHAN MAURITS OF NASSAU-SIEGEN......Page 267 THE END OF NETHERLANDS BRAZIL......Page 270 TREES AND TRADERS......Page 276 THE COMING OF SUGAR......Page 279 THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE TO BRAZIL......Page 282 PORTS AND PLANTATIONS; FARMS AND RANCHES......Page 285 PORTUGUESE COLONISTS AND MISCEGENATION......Page 288 EARLY COLONIAL SLAVERY AND SLAVE SOCIETY......Page 291 ESCAPEES, THE FREE POOR AND SOCIAL CONTROL......Page 296 SÃO PAULO AND THE SOUTHERN INTERIOR......Page 298 THE NORTHEASTERN AND NORTHERN INTERIORS......Page 303 POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION: SUGAR, TOBACCO AND CATTLE......Page 307 THE GREAT MINERAL BOOM......Page 311 THE FREE POPULATION OF MINAS GERAIS IN THE AGE OF GOLD......Page 314 SLAVERY IN MINAS GERAIS......Page 318 POMBALINE AND POST-POMBALINE NEO-MERCANTILISM......Page 321 THE ECONOMIC RESURGENCE OF THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY......Page 324 EXTENDING THE FRONTIER AND ESTABLISHING BORDERS IN THE NORTH, WEST AND SOUTH......Page 329 INTIMATIONS OF SEPARATION......Page 337 GOA AND ITS EUROPEAN RIVALS......Page 343 PORTUGUESE, OMANIS AND MARATHAS......Page 345 OLD AND NEW PATTERNS IN THE INTERCONTINENTAL TRADE......Page 349 THE LATE COLONIAL INTER-PORT TRADE......Page 354 THE ESTADO DA ÍNDIA’S STRUGGLE FOR RECOVERY IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY......Page 358 CONSERVATISM AND STAGNATION IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY......Page 361 MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY REVIVAL AND EXPANSION......Page 363 GOA AND THE REFORMS OF POMBAL......Page 366 THE PINTO ‘CONSPIRACY’......Page 371 THE BRITISH OCCUPATION OF GOA......Page 374 MACAU AND ITS TRADE: FROM CRISIS TO RECOVERY......Page 376 MACANESE TRADE IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY......Page 379 A GLIMPSE OF MACANESE SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT......Page 381 MACAU AND THE MANDARINS OF GUANGZHOU......Page 383 MACAU’S RELATIONS WITH BEIJING......Page 386 THE MACAU CÂMARA AND THE CROWN AUTHORITIES......Page 389 TOEHOLD IN TIMOR......Page 391 THE LOSS OF THE SWAHILI COAST......Page 394 THE IVORY, GOLD AND SLAVE TRADES OF MOZAMBIQUE......Page 395 ENTER THE BANIAS......Page 397 MOZAMBIQUE: A TERRITORIAL EMPIRE IN THE MAKING?......Page 399 THE MOZAMBIQUE PRAZOS AFTER 1650......Page 402 MOZAMBIQUE AND THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY REFORMS......Page 407 Glossary......Page 412 Printed Sources......Page 421 Index......Page 445 Half-title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Contents for Volume 1 11 Abbreviations 15 List of Maps 19 Preface 21 15 North Africa 45 BEGINNINGS: THE CONQUEST OF CEUTA 45 THE ERA OF NEO-RECONQUEST 49 RETREAT AND STALEMATE 54 ECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS 57 THE DISASTER OF AL-KSAR AL-KABIR 60 THE FORTRESSES AFTER AL-KSAR AL-KABIR 64 16 Exploring the Coasts of Atlantic Africa 71 THE ROLE OF PRINCE HENRIQUE 71 THE HENRICAN VOYAGES 74 COASTS AND RIVERS OF GUINEA 77 CÃO, DIAS AND THE SOUTH ATLANTIC 79 LONG-DISTANCE VOYAGING AND NAUTICAL TECHNOLOGY 83 PÊRO DE COVILHÃ AND PRESTER JOHN 86 17 Engaging with Atlantic Africa 89 PROFITS ON THE FRINGES OF THE SAHARA 89 DEALING WITH COMPETITORS 91 CROWN AND LANÇADOS IN UPPER GUINEA 93 PORTUGUESE ORIGINS OF GUINEA-BISSAU 98 THE GOLD OF SÃO JORGE DA MINA 100 BENIN AND THE NIGER DELTA 105 THE KINGDOM OF KONGO 109 THE CONQUEST OF NDONGO 114 EARLY PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENT OF ANGOLA 119 THE ANGOLAN SLAVE TRADE 121 18 The Atlantic Islands and Fisheries 128 PORTUGUESE BEGINNINGS IN MADEIRA 128 LATER DEVELOPMENT OF MADEIRA: SUGAR, WINE AND OVER-POPULATION 131 DISCOVERING, SETTLING AND DEVELOPING THE AZORES 136 THE AZORES IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES 141 PORTUGAL AND THE CANARIES 143 THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: DISCOVERY, SETTLEMENT AND EARLY GROWTH 145 THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: THE LATER YEARS 151 SÃO TOMÉ AND PRINCIPE: THE SLAVE ISLANDS 154 THE NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERIES AND THE SOUTH ATLANTIC 159 19 Breakthrough to Maritime Asia 163 VASCO DAGAMA’S FIRST VOYAGE TO INDIA 163 GETTING TO KNOW ‘THE OTHER’ 166 MANUELINE DREAMING 169 ALBUQUERQUE 173 POST-ALBUQUERQUIAN CONSOLIDATION 178 ESCALATING DIPLOMACY 181 20 Empire in the East 189 THE ESTADO DA ÍNDIA 189 THE CROWN AND THE PEPPER TRADE 193 TAPPING INTO THE INTER-PORT TRADE 197 THE CARREIRA DA ÍNDIA 201 GOVERNING FROM AFAR 203 LATE RESURGENT EXPANSIONISM 209 LOSSES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 212 21 Informal Presence in the East 216 INTRODUCING THE PRIVATE TRADER 216 PRIVATE TRADE IN WESTERN MARITIME ASIA 219 PRIVATE TRADE IN EASTERN MARITIME ASIA 226 SOLDIERS-OF-FORTUNE 231 INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS AND SETTLERS 236 MUZUNGOS AND PRAZO-HOLDERS IN MOZAMBIQUE 242 CATHOLICS IN AN ALIEN WORLD 244 22 Brazil: Seizing and Keeping Possession 248 EARLY VOYAGES AND THE AGE OF FEITORIAS 248 THE AMERINDIANS AND THEIR CULTURE 251 ESTABLISHING SETTLEMENTS: THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS 254 THE DISINTEGRATION OF COASTAL AMERINDIAN SOCIETY 260 THE IMPACT OF THE JESUITS 263 EARLY-SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY FOREIGN EUROPEAN INTRUSIONS AND THE DUTCH CONQUEST OF PERNAMBUCO 265 THE RULE OF COUNT JOHAN MAURITS OF NASSAU-SIEGEN 267 THE END OF NETHERLANDS BRAZIL 270 23 Formation of Colonial Brazil 276 TREES AND TRADERS 276 THE COMING OF SUGAR 279 THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE TO BRAZIL 282 PORTS AND PLANTATIONS; FARMS AND RANCHES 285 PORTUGUESE COLONISTS AND MISCEGENATION 288 EARLY COLONIAL SLAVERY AND SLAVE SOCIETY 291 ESCAPEES, THE FREE POOR AND SOCIAL CONTROL 296 SÃO PAULO AND THE SOUTHERN INTERIOR 298 THE NORTHEASTERN AND NORTHERN INTERIORS 303 24 Late Colonial Brazil 307 POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION: SUGAR, TOBACCO AND CATTLE 307 THE GREAT MINERAL BOOM 311 THE FREE POPULATION OF MINAS GERAIS IN THE AGE OF GOLD 314 SLAVERY IN MINAS GERAIS 318 POMBALINE AND POST-POMBALINE NEO-MERCANTILISM 321 THE ECONOMIC RESURGENCE OF THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 324 EXTENDING THE FRONTIER AND ESTABLISHING BORDERS IN THE NORTH, WEST AND SOUTH 329 INTIMATIONS OF SEPARATION 337 25 Holding on in India: The Late Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 343 GOA AND ITS EUROPEAN RIVALS 343 PORTUGUESE, OMANIS AND MARATHAS 345 OLD AND NEW PATTERNS IN THE INTERCONTINENTAL TRADE 349 THE LATE COLONIAL INTER-PORT TRADE 354 THE ESTADO DA ÍNDIA’S STRUGGLE FOR RECOVERY IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 358 CONSERVATISM AND STAGNATION IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 361 MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY REVIVAL AND EXPANSION 363 GOA AND THE REFORMS OF POMBAL 366 THE PINTO ‘CONSPIRACY’ 371 THE BRITISH OCCUPATION OF GOA 374 26 Eastern Empire in the Late Colonial Era: Peripheries 376 THE ESTADO DA ÍNDIA BEYOND THE SUB-CONTINENT 376 MACAU AND ITS TRADE: FROM CRISIS TO RECOVERY 376 MACANESE TRADE IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 379 A GLIMPSE OF MACANESE SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT 381 MACAU AND THE MANDARINS OF GUANGZHOU 383 MACAU’S RELATIONS WITH BEIJING 386 THE MACAU CÂMARA AND THE CROWN AUTHORITIES 389 TOEHOLD IN TIMOR 391 THE LOSS OF THE SWAHILI COAST 394 THE IVORY, GOLD AND SLAVE TRADES OF MOZAMBIQUE 395 ENTER THE BANIAS 397 MOZAMBIQUE: A TERRITORIAL EMPIRE IN THE MAKING? 399 THE MOZAMBIQUE PRAZOS AFTER 1650 402 MOZAMBIQUE AND THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY REFORMS 407 Glossary 412 Bibliography 421 Manuscript Sources 421 Printed Sources 421 Index 445 9780521409087 "The Kingdom of Portugal was created as a by-product of the Christian Reconquest of Hispania. With no geographical raison d'être and no obvious roots in its Roman, Germanic, or Islamic pasts, it for long remained a small, struggling realm on Europe's outer fringe. Then, in the early fifteenth century, this unlikely springboard for Western expansion suddenly began to accumulate an empire of its own, eventually extending more than halfway around the globe. The History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, drawing particularly on historical scholarship postdating the 1974 Portuguese Revolution, offers readers a comprehensive overview and reinterpretation of how all this happened--the first such account to appear in English for more than a generation. Volume I concerns the history of Portugal itself from pre-Roman times to the climactic French invasion of 1807, and Volume II traces the history of the Portuguese overseas empire."--Publisher's web site The Kingdom of Portugal was created as a by-product of the Christian Reconquest of Hispania. With no geographical raison d'être and no obvious roots in its Roman, Germanic, or Islamic pasts, it for long remained a small, struggling realm on Europe's outer fringe. Then, in the early fifteenth century, this unlikely springboard for Western expansion suddenly began to accumulate an empire of its own, eventually extending more than halfway around the globe. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, drawing particularly on historical scholarship postdating the 1974 Portuguese Revolution, offers readers a comprehensive overview and reinterpretation of how all this happened - the first such account to appear in English for more than a generation. Volume 1 concerns the history of Portugal itself from pre-Roman times to the climactic French invasion of 1807, whilst this volume traces the history of the Portuguese overseas empire. The Kingdom of Portugal was created as a by-product of the Christian Reconquest of Hispania. With no geographical raison d'être and no obvious roots in its Roman, Germanic, or Islamic pasts, it for long remained a small, struggling realm on Europe's outer fringe. Then, in the early fifteenth century, this unlikely springboard for Western expansion suddenly began to accumulate an empire of its own, eventually extending more than halfway around the globe. The History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, drawing particularly on historical scholarship postdating the 1974 Portuguese Revolution, offers readers a comprehensive overview and reinterpretation of how all this happened - the first such account to appear in English for more than a generation. Volume I concerns the history of Portugal itself from pre-Roman times to the climactic French invasion of 1807, and Volume II traces the history of the Portuguese overseas empire. A comprehensive overview and reinterpretation of Portugal's formation and history up to 1807 and of its acquisition of a wide-flung maritime empire from the early fifteenth century