A history of Herat : from Chingiz Khan to Tamerlane

## Shows how and why an ancient city destroyed and then rebuilt by Mongols became again the ‘Pearl’ of the Iranian east * Establishes a sequence and chronology for the Mongol attacks in eastern Iran * Includes a political-military history of the Kart dynasty, from their founding in 649/1251 by Möngke Qaʾan, to their surrender to Tamerlane in 783/1381 * Explores the renewal of agriculture, commercial development (caravansarays and bazaars) and the revivification of Islamic activities (patronage of madrasas, hospices, and mosques) * Illustrates the reconstruction of Herat’s intricate hydrological network of channels, dams, cisterns, sluices, controllers and watermills with maps and schematics * Details Herat’s fortified landscape (citadel, curtain walls, embankment, trench, gateways, towers and Kartid Walls) and analyses the city’s defensive postures This book tells the history of Herat, from its desolation under Chingiz Khan in 1222, to its capitulation to Tamerlane in 1381. Unlike the other three quarters of Khurasan (Balkh, Marw, Nishapur), which were ravaged by the Mongols, Herat became an important political, cultural and economic centre of the eastern Islamic world. The post-Mongol age in which an autochthonous Tajik dynasty, the Kartids, ruled the region set the foundations for Herat’s Timurid-era splendors. Divided into two parts (a political-military history and a social-economic history), the book explains why the Mongol Empire rebuilt Herat: its rationales and approaches; and Chinggisid internecine conflicts that impacted on Herat’s people. It analyses the roles of Iranians, Turks and Mongols in regional politics; in devising fortifications; in restoring commercial and cultural edifices; and in resuscitating economic and cultural activities in the Herat Quarter. Shows how and why an ancient city destroyed and then rebuilt by Mongols became again the 'Pearl' of the Iranian eastEstablishes a sequence and chronology for the Mongol attacks in eastern IranIncludes a political-military history of the Kart dynasty, from their founding in 649/1251 by Möngke Qaʼan, to their surrender to Tamerlane in 783/1381 Explores the renewal of agriculture, commercial development (caravansarays and bazaars) and the revivification of Islamic activities (patronage of madrasas, hospices, and mosques)Illustrates the reconstruction of Herat's intricate hydrological network of channels, dams, cisterns, sluices, controllers and watermills with maps and schematicsDetails Herat's fortified landscape (citadel, curtain walls, embankment, trench, gateways, towers and Kartid Walls) and analyses the city's defensive postures This book tells the history of Herat, from its desolation under Chingiz Khan in 1222, to its capitulation to Tamerlane in 1381. Unlike the other three quarters of Khurasan (Balkh, Marw, Nishapur), which were ravaged by the Mongols, Herat became an important political, cultural and economic centre of the eastern Islamic world. The post-Mongol age in which an autochthonous Tajik dynasty, the Kartids, ruled the region set the foundations for Herat's Timurid-era splendors.Divided into two parts (a political-military history and a social-economic history), the book explains why the Mongol Empire rebuilt Herat: its rationales and approaches; and Chinggisid internecine conflicts that impacted on Herat's people. It analyses the roles of Iranians, Turks and Mongols in regional politics; in devising fortifications; in restoring commercial and cultural edifices; and in resuscitating economic and cultural activities in the Herat Quarter Contents Illustrations Abbreviations Note on Transliteration Acknowledgments Maps Introduction PART I. IMPERIAL AND LOCAL HISTORIES: MONGOLS AND KARTS Prolegomenon: The Early Period: 615–76/1218–78 1 Mongol Invasions of Khurasan 2 Mongol Imperial Policies and Herat Prolegomenon: The Middle Period: 677–729/1278–1329 3 Turmoil in Herat and Khurasan 4 Stability in Herat and Khurasan Prolegomenon: The Late Period: 729–83/1329–81 5 From Ilkhanate to Independent Kingdom 6 From Kartid Sultanate to Tamerlane Part One: Reflections and Conclusions PART II. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL RENEWAL IN HERAT 7 Early Efforts to Revive Agriculture and Commerce 8 Later Efforts to Revive Agriculture and Commerce 9 Urban Renewal and Cultural Renaissance 10 Fortified Landscape of Herat and its Environs Part Two: Reflections and Conclusions Glossary Appendix 1 Genealogical and Dynastic Charts Appendix 2 Land and Water Use Appendix 3 Urban Development in the Kartid Period Appendix 4 Settlements and Population Bibliography Index