A History of Archaeological Tourism: Pursuing leisure and knowledge from the eighteenth century to World War II (SpringerBriefs in Archaeological Heritage Management)

This book examines the relationship between archaeological tourism and professional archaeology. To do so, it explores the connection – most visibly through nationalism and global capitalism - from its origins in the early modern period to World War II. How separate is the development of archaeological tourism from that of the formation of archaeology as a discipline? And do the fields operate in two different worlds? Scholarly discussions have largely treated them as distinct fields with no connection, while histories of archaeology, in particular, have focused on aspects such as the history of archaeological discoveries, archaeological thought and, more recently, the political relationship between archaeology and nationalism and other ideologies. Largely missing from all these accounts has been an examination of how archaeology has been incorporated into society, for example through something that all humans enjoy – leisure – in the form of archaeological tourism. Moreover, just as histories of archaeology have largely ignored the connection between archaeology and tourism, so too has tourism in the reverse direction. Recent studies on tourism have centered on topics such as economy (sustainable and recession tourism) and new types of tourism (including ecotourism and medical tourism). Acknowledgements 5 Contents 6 About the Author 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 Archaeological Tourism: Handmaiden to Studies of the Development of Archaeology 9 Tourism Studies: An Interdisciplinary Perspective 10 This Book 13 References 16 Chapter 2: From Travel to Tourism 20 Introduction 20 Leisure Travel in Antiquity and Other Traditions 20 The Power of the Past in Medieval and Early Modern Europe 25 The Grand Tour 30 Conclusion 34 References 34 Chapter 3: The Early Years of Archaeological Tourism: From 1800 to 1870 38 Introduction 38 Global Monumentalization: Creating Archaeology’s Infrastructure 41 Archaeology and the Leisure Industry: The Pioneers 46 Touring Europe: Mysterious Ruins and Museums 47 Tourist Guidebooks as a New Mass Industry 47 Visiting Churches, Castles and Other Medieval Ruins 49 The Birth of the Tourist Travel Agency and Private and Social Initiatives 51 Touring the Archaeology of the Great Civilizations 52 Tourism in Italy 52 Egypt 55 The Great Civilizations Come Home 57 Conclusions 58 References 58 Chapter 4: Promoting the National Past. Archaeology and Tourism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 63 Tourism from the 1870s to the Great War 63 Visiting Classical Antiquities 65 The Lure of Egypt 69 Going beyond Italy, Greece and Egypt 73 Latin America as a Tourist Destination 76 Visiting Antiquities in the Home Country 77 Conclusions 83 References 85 Chapter 5: Archaeological Tourism From the Great War to the End of World War II 90 Introduction 90 The Growth of a Giant: Tourism in the Interwar Years 91 The Extended “Happy 1920s” 91 Black Tuesday and World War II: Two Debacles with Different Consequences 93 Archaeological Tourism Until 1945 94 Archaeological Tourism in Europe and Asia 94 America: Visiting Indigenous Sites and Moving South 103 The Promotion of Archaeological Tourism by Right-Wing Dictatorships 107 Archaeological Tourism in Fascist Italy 107 Archaeological Tourism in National Socialist Germany 111 Conclusions 114 References 115 Chapter 6: Conclusions: Combining Leisure and Tourism From the Eighteenth Century to World War II 121 References 125 This book examines the relationship between archaeological tourism and professional archaeology. It will do so by looking at this connection - most visibly through nationalism and global capitalism - from the its origins in the early modern period until World War II. How separate is the development of archaeological tourism from that of the formation of archaeology as a discipline? And do the fields operate in two different worlds? Scholarly discussions have largely treated them as distinct fields with no connection. Histories of archaeology, in particular, have focused their attention on aspects such as the history of archaeological discoveries, archaeological thought and, more recently, the political relationship between archaeology and nationalism and other ideologies. Largely missing from all these accounts has been an examination of how archaeology has been inserted into society, for example through something that all humans enjoy - leisure - in the form of archaeological tourism. Moreover, just as histories of archaeology have largely ignored the connection between archaeology and tourism so, too has tourism in the reverse direction. Recent studies on tourism have centered on topics such as economy (sustainable and recession tourism) and new types of tourism (including ecotourism and medical tourism)