A handbook of sustainable building design and engineering : an integrated approach to energy, health and operational performance

Contents......Page 6 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes......Page 14 List of Contributors......Page 26 Preface......Page 32 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 34 Part I INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEX BUILT ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS......Page 40 Introduction: Setting the Scene......Page 42 References......Page 45 Background: What is a sustainable community?......Page 46 A multidisciplinary research strategy......Page 47 Investigating the role of space in the construction of place......Page 50 Reflections on processes and outcomes......Page 54 Considerations......Page 55 References......Page 56 Part II ENERGY AND BUILDINGS......Page 58 Introduction: Towards Zero Carbon Buildings......Page 60 Energy efficiency of buildings......Page 62 Energy-saving buildings......Page 63 Construction materials......Page 64 Building envelope......Page 65 Advanced construction layer......Page 69 References......Page 71 Energy assessment methodologies......Page 74 Monitoring heating energy consumption......Page 75 Energy labelling of heating energy consumption......Page 80 Monitoring cooling energy consumption......Page 83 Energy and microclimatic labelling......Page 84 References......Page 88 Introduction......Page 90 Energy modelling tools......Page 91 Application in energy efficient buildings......Page 93 Challenges in thermal building engineering......Page 94 Recent initiatives and outlook......Page 97 Conclusions......Page 98 References......Page 99 Introduction......Page 102 Carbon reduction issues to be considered at the early stages of design......Page 103 Methods of approach to reduce carbon emissions......Page 110 Some examples of passive houses in Hannover, Germany......Page 111 Introduction......Page 114 Energy resources and technologies......Page 117 Planning and implementation......Page 122 References......Page 127 Introduction......Page 128 Thermodynamics of the heat pump......Page 129 Ground source heat pumps in city centre buildings......Page 131 References......Page 137 The evolution and standardization of the life cycle assessment method......Page 138 Goal and scope of life cycle assessment......Page 139 The methodology of life cycle assessment......Page 145 References......Page 151 Introduction......Page 154 Research methodology......Page 155 Supplementary research: Indoor environment and mould......Page 162 References......Page 167 Forecasting energy use and CO2 emissions......Page 170 Domestic Energy and Carbon Dioxide Model (DECARB)......Page 171 The illustrative scenarios......Page 173 Results of the illustrative scenarios......Page 175 Conclusions......Page 176 References......Page 177 The German policy landscape......Page 178 Case study: Modernization of dwellings in north Germany......Page 180 References......Page 190 Part III BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENT......Page 192 Introduction: Emerging Design Challengesof the 21st Century......Page 194 Introduction......Page 196 Modifying factors......Page 197 Energy use......Page 199 Health and comfort......Page 201 Conclusions......Page 202 References......Page 203 Urban air-quality management areas......Page 206 Airflow and concentration patterns in complex built environments......Page 211 Relationships between outdoor and indoor air pollution......Page 213 Modelling air pollution in urban buildings......Page 215 References......Page 217 Thermal environment......Page 220 Indoor air quality......Page 225 Economic implications......Page 230 References......Page 231 Types of application......Page 236 Types of models......Page 237 Creating the model......Page 238 Conclusions......Page 246 References......Page 247 Water vapour in the air......Page 250 Air and moisture scale......Page 252 Moisture damage......Page 253 Moisture displacement......Page 254 Moisture modelling......Page 255 Moisture-resilient design......Page 257 Case studies......Page 260 References......Page 262 Theoretical background......Page 264 Design requirements and site analysis......Page 266 Developing a ventilation design strategy......Page 270 Design performance evaluation......Page 276 Detailed design......Page 278 Installation, commissioning and post-occupancy evaluation......Page 281 References......Page 282 Principles of mechanical and mixed-mode ventilation......Page 284 Ventilation systems for residential buildings......Page 285 Ventilation systems for non-residential buildings......Page 288 Ventilation system components......Page 293 Basic design principles of ventilation......Page 296 References......Page 301 Climate change and temperature......Page 302 Climate change and precipitation......Page 305 Climate change and subsidence......Page 306 References......Page 307 Developing the sustainable cooling strategy......Page 310 Direct and indirect ventilative cooling......Page 311 Cooling energy from renewable sources......Page 314 Sustainable distribution systems......Page 315 Low-energy cooling technologies......Page 318 Cooling potential of sustainable cooling techniques......Page 319 Case study: School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) building......Page 321 Case Study: Portcullis House......Page 324 Case Study: Swiss Re Tower......Page 326 Case Study: National Assembly for Wales – the Senedd......Page 329 Case Study: National Trust Headquarters – Heelis Building......Page 332 References......Page 334 Hybrid ventilation systems......Page 336 Experimental indoor/outdoor air quality and ventilation studies in urban buildings......Page 337 Conclusions......Page 348 References......Page 349 Introduction: House dust mites, housing and health......Page 352 Study results......Page 354 Modelling techniques......Page 358 Discussion......Page 359 References......Page 361 Airflow and pollution distribution around buildings......Page 364 Airflow and pollution in buildings......Page 372 References......Page 382 Part IV OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS......Page 384 Introduction: The Post-Occupancy Evaluation......Page 386 Introduction......Page 388 Design approach......Page 389 Physical performance evaluation......Page 390 Energy performance......Page 392 Example: Energy performance assessments......Page 393 References......Page 396 Introduction......Page 398 Examples from the UK domestic sector......Page 400 Discussion......Page 405 References......Page 407 The Queens Building, De Montfort University......Page 410 The Contact Theatre, Manchester......Page 413 The Lichfield Garrick......Page 417 Design guidance......Page 420 References......Page 422 Description of the building......Page 424 Performance evaluation......Page 430 Conclusions......Page 436 References......Page 437 Introduction......Page 440 Background information......Page 442 Design of a prioritized refurbishment programme......Page 448 Potential programmes......Page 457 References......Page 461 Index......Page 462 Contents 6 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes 14 List of Contributors 26 Preface 32 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 34 Part I INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEX BUILT ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS 40 Introduction: Setting the Scene 42 References 45 Chapter 1 Building Sustainable Communities: Combining Social and Physical Perspectives 46 Introduction 46 Background: What is a sustainable community? 46 A multidisciplinary research strategy 47 Investigating the role of space in the construction of place 50 Reflections on processes and outcomes 54 Considerations 55 Acknowledgements 56 Notes 56 References 56 Part II ENERGY AND BUILDINGS 58 Introduction: Towards Zero Carbon Buildings 60 Chapter 2 Energy Efficiency and Thermal Envelope 62 Energy efficiency of buildings 62 Energy-saving buildings 63 Construction materials 64 Building envelope 65 Advanced construction layer 69 Summary 71 References 71 Chapter 3 Energy Monitoring and Labelling 74 Introduction 74 Energy assessment methodologies 74 Monitoring heating energy consumption 75 Energy labelling of heating energy consumption 80 Monitoring cooling energy consumption 83 Energy and microclimatic labelling 84 References 88 Chapter 4 Energy Modelling 90 Introduction 90 Energy modelling tools 91 Application in energy efficient buildings 93 Challenges in thermal building engineering 94 Recent initiatives and outlook 97 Conclusions 98 References 99 Chapter 5 Carbon Reduction in Buildings 102 Introduction 102 Carbon reduction issues to be considered at the early stages of design 103 Methods of approach to reduce carbon emissions 110 Some examples of passive houses in Hannover, Germany 111 Chapter 6 Renewable Energy Sources and the City 114 Introduction 114 What energy services will be required? 117 Energy resources and technologies 117 Planning and implementation 122 Conclusions 127 References 127 Chapter 7 Heat Pumps in City Centre Buildings 128 Introduction 128 Thermodynamics of the heat pump 129 Ground source heat pumps in city centre buildings 131 References 137 Chapter 8 Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings 138 Introduction 138 The evolution and standardization of the life cycle assessment method 138 Goal and scope of life cycle assessment 139 The methodology of life cycle assessment 145 Conclusions 151 References 151 Chapter 9 Energy and Environmental Monitoring 154 Introduction 154 Research methodology 155 Supplementary research: Indoor environment and mould 162 Discussion 167 Acknowledgements 167 References 167 Chapter 10 Energy Modelling 170 Introduction 170 Forecasting energy use and CO2 emissions 170 Domestic Energy and Carbon Dioxide Model (DECARB) 171 The illustrative scenarios 173 Results of the illustrative scenarios 175 Conclusions 176 Notes 177 References 177 Chapter 11 Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Dwellings: A Policy Context 178 Introduction 178 The German policy landscape 178 Case study: Modernization of dwellings in north Germany 180 Conclusions 190 References 190 Part III BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENT 192 Introduction: Emerging Design Challengesof the 21st Century 194 Chapter 12 Urban Climate: Impacts on Energy Use, Comfort and Health 196 Introduction 196 Modifying factors 197 Energy use 199 Health and comfort 201 Conclusions 202 Acknowledgements 203 References 203 Chapter 13 Air Pollution and the Urban Built Environment 206 Introduction 206 Urban air-quality management areas 206 Airflow and concentration patterns in complex built environments 211 Relationships between outdoor and indoor air pollution 213 Modelling air pollution in urban buildings 215 References 217 Chapter 14 Ventilation, Thermal Comfort, Health and Productivity 220 Introduction 220 Thermal environment 220 Indoor air quality 225 Economic implications 230 Acknowledgements 231 References 231 Chapter 15 Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation Modelling 236 Introduction 236 Types of application 236 Types of models 237 Validation and testing 238 Creating the model 238 Output and analysis 246 Conclusions 246 References 247 Chapter 16 Moisture Control in Buildings 250 Introduction 250 Terminology 250 Water vapour in the air 250 Air and moisture scale 252 Moisture sources 253 Moisture damage 253 Moisture displacement 254 Moisture modelling 255 Moisture-resilient design 257 Case studies 260 References 262 Chapter 17 Natural Ventilation in City Centre Buildings 264 Introduction 264 Theoretical background 264 Design requirements and site analysis 266 Developing a ventilation design strategy 270 Design performance evaluation 276 Detailed design 278 Installation, commissioning and post-occupancy evaluation 281 Acknowledgements 282 References 282 Chapter 18 Mechanical and Mixed-Mode Ventilation in City Centre Buildings 284 Principles of mechanical and mixed-mode ventilation 284 Ventilation systems for residential buildings 285 Ventilation systems for non-residential buildings 288 Ventilation system components 293 Basic design principles of ventilation 296 References 301 Chapter 19 Climate Change and Building Design 302 Introduction 302 Climate change and temperature 302 Climate change and precipitation 305 Climate change and wind 306 Climate change and subsidence 306 Conclusions 307 References 307 Chapter 20 Sustainable Cooling Strategies 310 Introduction 310 Developing the sustainable cooling strategy 310 Reduction and modulation of heat gains 311 Direct and indirect ventilative cooling 311 Cooling energy from renewable sources 314 Sustainable distribution systems 315 Low-energy cooling technologies 318 Cooling potential of sustainable cooling techniques 319 Case study: School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) building 321 Case Study: Portcullis House 324 Case Study: Swiss Re Tower 326 Case Study: National Assembly for Wales – the Senedd 329 Case Study: National Trust Headquarters – Heelis Building 332 Acknowledgements 334 References 334 Chapter 21 Indoor Air Quality in City Centre Buildings 336 Introduction 336 Airflow in the urban environment 336 Hybrid ventilation systems 336 Experimental indoor/outdoor air quality and ventilation studies in urban buildings 337 Conclusions 348 Acknowledgements 349 References 349 Chapter 22 Indoor Air Quality and Health 352 Introduction: House dust mites, housing and health 352 Study design and methodology 354 Study results 354 Modelling techniques 358 Discussion 359 Conclusions 361 Acknowledgements 361 References 361 Chapter 23 Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation Modelling 364 Introduction 364 Airflow and pollution distribution around buildings 364 Airflow and pollution in buildings 372 Acknowledgements 382 References 382 Part IV OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS 384 Introduction: The Post-Occupancy Evaluation 386 Chapter 24 Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Buildings 388 Introduction 388 Benchmarking 389 Design approach 389 Investigating a problem 390 Physical performance evaluation 390 Energy performance 392 Human factors 393 Monitoring plan 393 Example: Energy performance assessments 393 References 396 Chapter 25 Occupant Behaviour and Energy Use 398 Introduction 398 Examples from the UK domestic sector 400 Discussion 405 Acknowledgements 407 References 407 Chapter 26 Natural Ventilation of Auditoria: Three Case Studies 410 Introduction 410 The Queens Building, De Montfort University 410 The Contact Theatre, Manchester 413 The Lichfield Garrick 417 Design guidance 420 Conclusions 422 Acknowledgements 422 References 422 Chapter 27 A Naturally Ventilated Building in a City Centre 424 Introduction 424 Description of the building 424 Performance evaluation 430 Conclusions 436 Acknowledgements 437 References 437 Chapter 28 Impact of an Energy Refurbishment Programme in Chile: More than Energy Savings 440 Introduction 440 Background information 442 Design of a prioritized refurbishment programme 448 Potential programmes 457 Conclusions 461 References 461 Index 462 "The combined challenges of health, comfort, climate change and energy security cross the boundaries of traditional building disciplines. This authoritative collection, focusing mostly on energy and ventilation, provides the current and next generation of building engineering professionals with what they need to work closely with many disciplines to meet these challenges." "A Handbook of Sustainable Building Engineering covers: how to design, engineer and monitor a building in a manner that minimises the emissions of greenhouse gases; how to adapt the environment, fabric and services of existing and new buildings to climate change; how to improve the environment in and around buildings to provide better health, comfort, security and productivity; and provides crucial expertise on monitoring the performance of buildings once they are occupied. The authors explain the principles behind built environment engineering, and offer practical guidance through international case studies."--Jacket